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文法化 (grammaticalisation) の典型例として,未来を表わす助動詞 be going to の発達がある (cf. 「#417. 文法化とは?」 ([2010-06-18-1]),「#2106.「狭い」文法化と「広い」文法化」 ([2015-02-01-1]),「#2575. 言語変化の一方向性」 ([2016-05-15-1]) ) .この事例を用いて,文法化を含む統語意味論的な変化が,2つの軸に沿って,つまり2つのメカニズムによって発生し,進行することを示したのが,Hopper and Traugott (93) である.2つのメカニズムとは,syntagm, reanalysis, metonymy がタッグを組んで構成するメカニズムと,paradigm, analogy, metaphor からなるメカニズムである.以下の図を参照.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- Syntagmatic axis Mechanism: reanalysis | Stage I be going [to visit Bill] | PROG Vdir [Purp. clause] | | Stage II [be going to] visit Bill | TNS Vact | (by syntactic reanalysis/metonymy) | | Stage III [be going to] like Bill | TNS V | (by analogy/metaphor) | Paradigmatic axis Mechanism: analogy
In summary, metonymic and metaphorical inferencing are comlementary, not mutually exclusive, processes at the pragmatic level that result from the dual mechanisms of reanalysis linked with the cognitive process of metonymy, and analogy linked with the cognitive process of metaphor. Being a widespread process, broad cross-domain metaphorical analogizing is one of the contexts within which grammaticalization operates, but many actual instances of grammaticalization show that conventionalizing of the conceptual metonymies that arise in the syntagmatic flow of speech is the prime motivation for reanalysis in the early stages.
・ Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Grammaticalization. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
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