hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2021-08-15

■ #4493. 世界の英語変種の整理法 --- Mesthrie and Bhatt の12タイプ [model_of_englishes][world_englishes][new_englishes][variety][pidgin][creole][esl][efl][enl]

　昨日の記事「#4492. 世界の英語変種の整理法 --- Gupta の5タイプ」 ([2021-08-14-1]) に引き続き，世界の英語変種の整理法について．今回は World Englishes というズバリの本を著わした Mesthrie and Bhatt (3--10) による12タイプへの分類を紹介したい．昨日と同様，Schneider (44) を経由して示す．

(a) Metropolitan standards (i.e. the "respected mother state's" norm as opposed to colonial offspring, i.e. in our case British English and American English as national reference forms).
(b) Colonial standards (the standard forms of the former "dominions," i.e. Australian, New Zealand, Canadian, South African English, etc.).
(c) Regional dialects (of Britain and North America, less so elsewhere in settler colonies).
(d) Social dialects (by class, ethnicity, etc.; including, e.g. Broad, General and Cultivated varieties in Australia, African American Vernacular English, and others).
(e) Pidgin Englishes (originally rudimentary intermediate forms in contact, and nobody's native tongue; possibly elaborated in complexity, e.g. West African Pidgin Englishes).
(f) Creole Englishes (fully developed but highly structured, hence of questionable relatedness to the lexifier English; e.g. Jamaican Creole).
(g) English as a Second Language (ESL) (postcolonial countries where English plays a key role in government and education; e.g. Kenya, Sri Lanka).
(h) English as a Foreign Language (EFL) (English used for external and international purposes; e.g. China, Europe, Brazil).
(i) Immigrant Englishes (developed by migrants to an English-dominant country; e.g. Chicano English in the United States)).
(j) Language-shift Englishes (resulting from the replacement of an ancestral language by English; possibly, like Hiberno English, becoming a social dialect in the end).
(k) Jargon Englishes (unstable pre-pidgins without norms and with great individual variation, e.g. South Seas Jargon in the nineteenth century)
(l) Hybrid Englishes (mixed codes, prestigious among urban youths; e.g. "Hinglish" mixing Hindi and English).

　英語（使用）の歴史，地位，形式，機能の4つのパラメータを組み合わせた分類といえる．実際に存在する（した）ありとあらゆる英語変種を網羅している感がある．ただし，水も漏らさぬ分類というわけではない．この分類では，複数のカテゴリーにまたがって所属してしまうような英語変種もあるのではないか．

　・ Schneider, Edgar W. "Models of English in the World." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 35--57.
　・ Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.

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