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2013-01-24 Thu

#1368. Fennell 版,英語史略年表 [timeline][history][historiography]

 「#777. 英語史略年表」 ([2011-06-13-1]) では,Crystal 版の英語史略年表を掲載したが,今回は Fennell 版を再現する.Fennell では各章の最初に対象となっている時代に関する年表が載せられており,以下はそれをほぼ忠実に編集したまでで,細かくは整理していない.Fennell の著書の題名から予想されるとおり,社会史的な側面が強く反映されている年表である.

8000 BC   Hunter groups move into Lapland
7000 BC   Wheat, barley and pulses cultivated from Anatolia to Pakistan; goats and pigs domesticated
7000 BC   Farming developed on Indian subcontinent; barley main crop
6500 BC   Adoption of farming in Balkan region; beginning of the European Neolithic spread of domestic animals, probably from Anatolia
6200 BC   Farming villages established in the west and central Mediterranean
5200 BC   First farmers of central Europe spread northwest as far as the Netherlands
4500 BC   Cattle used as plough animals in lower Danube region
4500 BC   First megalithic tombs built in western Europe
4400 BC   Domestication of horse on Eurasian Steppes
4200 BC   Earliest copper mines in eastern Europe
4200 BC   Agriculture begins south of the Ganges
3800 BC   Ditched enclosures around settlements in western Europe, forming defended villages
3500 BC   New faming practices: animals increasingly used for traction, wool and milk; simple plough (ard) now used in northern and western Europe
3250 BC   Earliest writing from western Mesopotamia: pictographic clay used for commercial accounts
3200 BC   First wheeled vehicles in Europe (found in Hungary)
3100 BC   Cuneiform script developed in Mesopotamia
3000 BC   Construction of walled citadels in Mediterranean Europe and development of successful metal industry
2900 BC   Appearance of Corded Ware pottery in northern Europe
2500 BC   Bell beakers found in western Europe, often associated with individual burials
2500 BC   Development of urban civilization in the Indian Plain
2500 BC   Earliest syllabic script used in Sumerian literature
2300 BC   Beginning of full European Bronze Age
2000 BC   Fortified settlements in east and central Europe point to increasing social and economic pressures
1900 BC   Cretan hieroglyphic writing
1850 BC   Horses used for the first time to pull light carts in the western Steppes
1650 BC   Linear A script (Crete and the Cyclades)
1650 BC   City-states of central Anatolia unified to form the Hittite kingdom with a strongly fortified capital at Boğazköy
1400 BC   Linear B script (mainland and islands of Greece)
1400 BC   Development of pastoral nomadism on the Steppes: cattle herded from horseback
1300 BC   Westward spread of urnfield cemeteries
1200 BC   Collapse of Hittite empire
1000 BC   Hillforts in Western Europe
1000 BC   Full nomadic economy on the Steppes based on rearing horses, cattle and sheep
850 BC   First settlement at Rome; cluster of huts on Palatine Hill
800 BC   Establishment of culture north and east of Alps --- first stage of Celtic Iron Age (Hallstatt)
800 BC   Rise of Etruscan city-states in central Italy
800 BC   Rise of cities and states in Ganges Valley supported by rice farming
750 BC   First Greek alphabetic inscription
750 BC   Ironworking spreads to Britain
750 BC   Earliest Greek colonies set up from western Mediterranean to the eastern shores of the Black Sea
690 BC   Etruscan script developed from Greek
600 BC   Trade between Celts north west of Alps and Greek colonies of the west Mediterranean; rich wagon burials attest to wealth and power of Celtic elite
600 BC   Latin script
600 BC   Central lowlands of northern Europe first settled
600 BC   First Greek coins
480 BC   2nd stage of European Bronze Age (La Tène)
480 BC   Emergence of classical period of Greek arts and architecture
480 BC   City-states reach height of importance
460 BC   Parchment replaces clay tablets for Aramaic administrative documents
450 BC   Athens, the greatest Greek city-state, reaches the peak of its power
400 BC   Carthage dominates the west Mediterranean
390 BC   Celts sack Rome
334 BC--329 BC   Alexander the Great invades Asia Minor, conquers Egypt and Persia and reaches India; Hellenism established in Asia
331 BC   Alexandria founded
250 BC   Brahmin alphabetic script in India
250 BC   All of peninsular Italy controlled by Rome
206 BC   Rome gains control of Spain
146 BC   Romans destroy the Greek states but Greek culture still important and Greek artists brought to Rome
146 BC   Roman destruction of Carthage
55 BC   Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain
27 BC   Augustus sole ruler of Roman empire
43--50   Emperor Claudius invades Britain
50   Rome largest city in the world --- population 1 million
117   Roman empire reaches its greatest extent
125   Hadrian's Wall built
285   Administrative separation of eastern and western halves of Roman empire
313   Edict of Milan: toleration of Christianity in Roman empire
330   Constantine founds Constantinople as new eastern capital of the Roman empire
410   Sack of Rome by Visigoths leading to collapse of western Roman empire
410   Romans withdraw from Britain
429   German (Vandal) kingdom in north Africa
449   Angles, Saxons and Jutes invade Britain
597   St Augustine introduces Christianity to the English
787   Scandinavian invasions begin
793   Sacking of Lindisfarne
878   King Alfred defeats the Danes at Eddington
878   Treaty of Wedmore
899   King Alfred dies
1016   Danish King Cnut rules England
1042   Accession of Edward the Confessor to the English throne
1066   Battle of Hastings; Norman Conquest
1095   First Crusade
1170   Assassination of Thomas à Becket
1204   King John loses lands in Normandy
1259--1265   The Barons' War
1337--1453   The Hundred Years War
1340--1400   Geoffrey Chaucer
1346   Battle of Crecy
1346   Battle of Poitiers
1348--1351   The Black Death
1362   Parliament opened in English
1362   The Statute of Pleading (English becomes the official language of legal proceedings)
1381   The Peasants' Revolt
1415   Battle of Agincourt
1476   Caxton introduces the printing press
1489   French no longer used as the language of Parliament
1509   Henry VIII ascends the throne
1534   Act of Supremacy
1536   Small monasteries dissolved
1536   Statute incorporates all of Wales with England
1539   English translation of Bible in every church
1547   Edward VI
1553   Mary Tudor
1554   Mary marries Philip of Spain
1558   Elizabeth I
1559   Act of Supremacy restores laws of Henry VIII
1574   First company of actors; theatre building begins
1577   Sir Francis Drake plunders west coast of South America
1584   Colonists at Roanoke
1600   British East India Company founded
1600   Population of England c.2.5 million
1603   James I
1605   Barbados, West Indies, claimed as English colony
1606   Virginia Company of London sends 120 colonists to Virginia
1607   Jamestown, Virginia, is established by London Co. as the first permanent English settlement in America
1611   King James Bible
1616   Death of Shakespeare
1620   The Pilgrims arrive at Plymouth Rock on the Mayflower
1621   English attempt to colonize Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
1625   Charles I
1627   Charles I grants charter to the Guiana Company
1633   English trading post established in Bengal
1637   English traders established in Canton
1639   English established at Madras
1642--1646   Civil War
1646   English occupy the Bahamas
1648   Second Civil War
1649   Cromwell invades Ireland
1649   Charles I beheaded
1649   Charles II
1649   Commonwealth established
1653   Cromwell becomes Lord Protector
1655   English capture Jamaica
1660   Charles II restored to throne
1663   Charles II grants charter to Royal African Company
1668   British East India Company gains control of Bombay
1670   English settlement in Charles Town, later Charleston, South Carolina
1680--1689   Welsh Quakers settle in large numbers in Pennsylvania
1680--1689   First German immigrants in America
1684   Bermudas become Crown Colony
1689   William and Mary proclaimed king and queen in England and Ireland
1690   Calcutta founded
1690   Population of England c.5 million
1700   Population of England and Scotland 7.5 million
1707   Union of England and Scotland as Great Britain
1707   British land in Acadia, Canada
1710   English South Sea Company founded
1727   George II
1729   North and South Carolina become Crown Colonies
1729   Benjamin and James Franklin publish 'The Pennsylvania Gazette'
1744   Robert Clive arrives at Madras
1756--1763   The French and Indian War in North America
1759   British take Quebec from the French
1760   George III
1762   British capture Martinique, Grenada, Havana and Manila
1765--1947   British Raj in India
1770   James Cook discovers Botany Bay, Australia
1774   Parliament passes the Stamp Act, unifying the colonies against the British
1775   The East India, or Tea, Act prompts the Boston Teat Party
1775--1783   American War of Independence
1776   American Declaration of Independence
1776   The Revolutionary War begins
1778   Cook discovers Hawaii
1783   The Treaty of Paris successfully ends the Revolution
1783   British recognize US independence
1784   Pitt's India Act: East India Company under government control
1786   Penang ceded to Great Britain
1789   George Washington inaugurated as first US President
1790   The first penal colony established in Sydney, Australia
1795, 1806   British forces occupy Cape of Good Hope
1800   British capture Malta
1803   The Louisiana Purchase doubles the size of US territory
1810   British seize Guadeloupe
1811   British occupy Java
1812--1814   War of 1812 between the USA and Britain
1819   Florida purchased by the USA from Spain
1819   British settlement established in Singapore by East India Company
1822   English becomes the official language of the Eastern Cape of South Africa
1822   Liberia founded --- Africa's oldest republic
1824   Erie Canal opens, strengthening east-west trade, but increasing the isolation of the south
1824   British take Rangoon, Burma
1828   The Baltimore and Ohio Railway opens
1832   Britain occupies the Falkland Islands
1837   Queen Victoria
1837   The electric telegraph demonstrated by Samuel Morse
1840   New Zealand becomes an official colony
1840   Penny post introduced in Britain
1842   Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain
1848   Gold discovered in California
1849   Gold Rush
1851   Victoria, Australia, proclaimed separate colony
1852   New constitution for New Zealand
1858   Powers of East India Company transferred to British Crown
1860   Kowloon added to British territories in South-East Asia
1861   Civil War begins with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter
1861   British Colony founded in Lagos, Nigeria
1863   Emancipation of the slaves is proclaimed, as of 1 January
1865   General Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox
1865   President Lincoln is assassinated, five days later
1867   Alaska is purchased from Russia, becoming the 49th state in 1959
1867   Federal Malay States become a Crown Colony
1869   The first transcontinental railroad is completed
1876   Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone
1877   Edison invents the phonograph
1878   David Hughes invents the microphone
1879   London opens its first telephone exchange
1884   Papua New Guinea becomes British protectorate
1885   Britain established protectorate over Northern Bechuanaland, Niger River Region and southern New Guinea, and occupies Port Hamilton, Korea
1886   First Indian National Congress meets
1887   First Colonial Conference opens in London
1888   Cecil Rhodes granted mining rights by King of Matabele
1890   Rhodes becomes Premier of Cape Colony
1893   Uganda united as British protectorate
1893   USA annexes Hawaii
1895   Marconi invents radiotelegraphy
1895   Auguste and Louis Lumière invent the motion-picture camera
1895   British South Africa Company territory south of the Zambezi River becomes Rhodesia
1898   America receives Guam and sovereignty over the Philippines
1898   New Territories leased by Britain from China for 99 years
1899   First magnetic sound recordings
1899--1902   Boer War
1900   R. A. Fessenden transmits the human voice via radio waves
1900   British capture Bloemfontein, relieve Mafeking, annex Orange Free State and Transvaal and take Pretoria and Johannesburg Commonwealth of Australia created
1901   Marconi transmits radiotelegraph messages from Cornwall to New Zealand
1901   End of Queen Victoria's reign
1903   Ford Motor Company founded
1903   Orville and Wilbur Wright make the first successful manned flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
1903   British conquer northern Nigeria
1907   New Zealand becomes a dominion within the British Empire
1908   Union of South Africa established
1908   Henry Ford introduces the mass-produced Model T
1914   Panama Canal opened
1914--1918   World War I
1916   USA purchases Danish West Indies (Virgin Islands)
1917   USA purchases Dutch West Indies
1919   League of Nations founded
1920   Gandhi emerges as leader of India
1920   Kenya becomes British colony
1921   British Broadcasting Corporation founded
1921   First Indian Parliament meets
1924   The National Origins Act marks the official end of large-scale immigration to America; from this point on numbers are restricted and quotas are introduced
1924   British Imperial Airways founded
1925   John Logie Baird transmits a picture of a human face via television
1928   John Logie Baird demonstrates first colour television
1929   Teleprinters and teletypewriters first used
1929   First scheduled TV broadcasts in Schernectedy, New York
1929   First talking pictures made
1936   BBC London television service begins
1938   Lajos Biró invents the ball-point pen
1939--1945   World War II
1942   First computer developed in the United States
1942   Magnetic recording tape invented
1944   First telegraph line used between Washington and Baltimore
1945   United Nations founded
1946   Chester Carlson invents Xerography
1946   Philippines become independent from the United States
1947   Transistor invented at Bell Laboratories
1947   India proclaimed independent
1948   Peter Goldmark invents the long-playing record
1951   Colour TV introduced into USA (15 million TV sets in USA)
1952   Accession of Queen Elizabeth II
1957   Common Market established by Treaty of Rome
1957   Malaysian independence
1958   First stereophonic recordings
1962--1975   Uganda, Kenya, Zambia (Northern Rhodesia), Malawi, Malta, Gambia, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Guyana, Mauritius, Nigeria, Bahamas, Papua New Guinea all become independent of Great Britain
1965   Atlantic cable completed
1968   Intelsar communication satellite launched
1989   South Africa desegregated
1997   Hong Kong rule returns to China


 ・ Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
 ・ Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.

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