hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2024-09-30

■ #5635. easy-to-please 構文にみられる中動態的性質 [middle_voice][passive][voice][semantic_role][infinitive][syntax][adjective][complementation][construction][adverb]

　今回は，昨日の記事「#5634. eager-to-please 構文の古さと準助動詞化の傾向」 ([2024-09-27-1]) で触れなかったもう1つの構文，easy-to-please 構文について，その歴史的な特徴を考えてみます．
　Fischer et al. (171--72) によれば，easy-to-please 構文には態 (voice) に関わる重要な問題がつきまといます．

   The easy-to-please construction has undergone a number of changes. From around 1400, two slightly more complex variants of the construction are found. One has a stranded preposition in the subordinate clause, as in (28a). The other has a passive infinitive (28b).

(28) a　þei fond hit good and esy to dele wiþ also
　　　　'They found it good and easy to deal with as well.' (Curson(Trin-C)16557)
　　 b　the excercise and vce [= 'use'] of suche ... visible signes [...] is good and profitable to be had at certein whilis [= 'times'] (Pecock,Represser,Ch.XX)

　(28a) はまさに現代の easy-to-please 構文ですが，(28b) は不定詞部分が to be had のように受動態となっている部分に注意が必要です．この違いは何なのでしょうか．この論点について，現代英語に引きつけて具体的に解説しましょう．現代の He is easy to please. において，文の主語 he と不定詞として現われる動詞 please の統語意味論的な関係は，"he is pleased" あるいは "someone pleases him" ということになります．前者をとれば，能動態ではなく受動態の解釈となりますが，不定詞として現われる動詞自体は受動態の標示を帯びていないために，形式と機能に食い違いが生じてしまっています．この態の観点からみると，上記の (28a) よりも (28b) のほうが理に適っているように思われますが，どうなのでしょうか．
　Fischer et al. (172) では，次のように議論が続きます．

The development in (28b) is reminiscent of that in the modal passive . . . , and some degree of mutual influence seems likely. Curiously, however, passive marking eventually became obligatory in the modal passive, but not so in the easy-to-please construction, where formal passives never became systematic and sometimes even disappeared again, as shown by the now-ungrammatical example in (29a). Fischer (1991: 175ff) suggests that formally passive infinitives tend to occur with easy-type adjectives when the relation between adjective and infinitive rather than between adjective and subjective is stressed (cf. 29a). In such cases, an adverb rather than an adjective is also often found, as in (29b).

(29) a when once an act of dishonesty and shame has been deliberately committed, the will having been turned to evil, is difficult to be reclaimed (1839, COHA)
　　 b Jack Rapley is not easily to be knocked off his feet (1819, Fischer ibid.)

From this, one might speculate that passive forms failed to fully establish themselves in this context because the meaning the construction conveys is not always purely passive. As (30) illustrates, the subject of many easy-to-please constructions combines both patient-like and agent-like qualities. While the subject undergoes the action, its intrinsic qualities also contribute to how that action unfolds. The construction could therefore be analysed as marking middle voice.

(30) more experienced opponents ... can sometimes be tricky to play against. (BNC)

　easy-to-please 構文と中動態という新たな関係が持ち上がってきた．

　・ Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
　・ Fischer, Olga. "The Rise of the Passive Infinitive in English". Historical English Syntax. Ed. D. Kastovsky. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991. 141--88.

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