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hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2011-05-23

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2011-05-23 Mon

#756. 世界からの借用語 [loan_word][lexicology][pde_characteristic][world_languages]

 現代英語の最大の特徴の1つである cosmopolitan vocabulary については pde_characteristic を始めとする記事で,また時にそれを "asset" とみなす見方については批判的に[2009-09-27-1], [2010-05-22-1]の記事などで扱ってきた.関連して,現代英語語彙が借用語に満たされていることについては,[2010-05-16-1]にリンクを張った諸記事や loan_word の各記事で話題にしてきた.
 英語の語彙がいかに世界的かをざっと知るには,[2009-11-14-1]の記事「現代英語の借用語の起源と割合 (2)」のグラフをみるのが手っ取り早いが,単語とその借用元言語を具体的にリスト化しておけば,なお手っ取り早い.そこで,主として Crystal ( The English Language, p. 40 and Encyclopedia, pp. 126--27 ) に基づき,他の例も多少付け加えながら,借用元言語で世界一周ツアーしてみたい.

LanguageWords
Afrikaansapartheid, gnu, impala, indri, kraal, mamba, trek, tse-tse
Aleutianparka
American Indianchipmunk, moccasin, pow wow, skunk, squaw, totem, wigwam
Anglo-SaxonGod, Sunday, beer, crafty, gospel, house, rain, rainbow, sea, sheep, understand, wisdom
Arabicalgebra, assassin, azimuth, emir, ghoul, harem, hashish, intifada, mohair, sheikh, sherbet, sultan, zero
Araucaniancoypu, poncho
Australianboomerang, budgerigar, dingo, kangaroo, koala, wallaroo, wombat
Brazilianabouti, ai, birimbao, bossa nova, favela, jaguar, manioc, piranha
Canadian Indianpecan, toboggan
Chinesechopsuey, chow mein, cumquat, kaolin, ketchup, kung fu, litchi, sampan, tea, tycoon, typhoon, yen (=desire)
Czechhowitzer, pistol, robot
Dutchbluff, cruise, easel, frolic, knapsack, landscape, poppycock, roster, slim
Eskimoanorak, igloo, kayak
Finnishsauna
Frenchanatomy, aunt, brochure, castle, cellar, challenge, chocolate, crocodile, cushion, debt, dinner, entrance, fruit, garage, grotesque, increase, jewel, justice, languish, medicine, montage, moustache, passport, police, precious, prince, sacrifice, sculpture, sergeant, table, trespass, unique, venison, victory, vogue, voyeur
Gaelicbanshee, brogue, galore, leprechaun
Germanangst, dachshund, gimmick, hamburger, hamster, kindergarten, lager, nix, paraffin, plunder, poodle, sauerkraut, snorkel, strafe, waltz, yodel, zinc
Greekanonymous, catastrophe, climax, coma, crisis, dogma, euphoria, lexicon, moussaka, neurosis, ouzo, pylon, schizophrenia, stigma, therm, thermometer, tonic, topic
Haitianbarbecue, cannibal, canoe, peccary, potato, yucca
Hawaiianaloha, hula, lei, nene, ukulele
Hebrewbar mitzvah, kibbutz, kosher, menorah, shalom, shibboleth, targum, yom kippur, ziggurat
Hindibungalow, chutney, dekko, dungaree, guru, gymkhana, jungle, pundit, pyjamas, sari, shampoo, thug
Hungariancimbalom, goulash, hussar, paprika
Icelandicgeyser, mumps, saga
Irishblarney, brat, garda, taoiseach, whiskey
Italianarcade, balcony, ballot, bandit, ciao, concerto, falsetto, fiasco, giraffe, lava, mafia, opera, scampi, sonnet, soprano, studio, timpani, traffic, violin
Japanesebonsai, geisha, haiku, hara-kiri, judo, kamikaze, karate, kimono, shogun, tycoon, zaitech
Javanesebatik, gamelan, lahar
Koreanhangul, kimchi, makkoli, ondol, won
Latinalibi, altar circus, aquarium, circus, compact, diocese, discuss, equator, focus, frustrate, genius, include, index, interim, legal, monk, nervous, onus, orbit, quiet, ulcer, ultimatum, vertigo
Malagasyraffia
Malayamok, caddy, gong, kapok, orang-outang, sago, sarong
Maorihaka, hongi, kakapo, kiwi, pakeha, whare
Nahuatlaxolotl, coyote, mescal, tomato, tortilla
Norwegiancosy, fjord, krill, lemming, ski, slalom
Old Norseboth, egg, knife, low, sky, take, they, want
Persianbazaar, caravan, divan, shah, shawl, sofa
Peruviancondor, inca, llama, maté, puma, quinine
Polishhorde, mazurka, zloty
Polynesiankava, poe, taboo, tapa, taro, tattoo
Portuguesebuffalo, flamingo, marmalade, pagoda, veranda
Quechuanllama
Russianagitprop, borsch, czar, glasnost, intelligentsia, perestroika, rouble, samovar, sputnik, steppe, troika
Sanskritswastika, yoga
Scottishcaber, cairn, clan, lock, slogan
Serbo-Croatcravat, silvovitz
Spanishalbatross, banana, bonanza, cafeteria, cannibal, canyon, cigar, cobra, cork, dodo, guitar, hacienda, hammock, junta, marijuana, marmalade, molasses, mosquito, potato, rodeo, sherry, sombrero, stampede, supremo
Swahilibongo, bwana, harmattan, marimba, safari, voodoo
Swedishombudsman, tungsten, verve
Tagalogboondock, buntal, ylang-ylang
Tamilbandicoot, catamaran, curry, mulligatawny, pariah
TibetanKoumiss, argali, lama, polo, shaman, sherpa, yak, yeti
Tongantaboo
Turkishaga, bosh, caftan, caviare, coffee, fez, jackal, kiosk, shish kebab, yoghurt
Vietnameseao dai, nuoc mam
Welshcoracle, corgi, crag, eisteddfod, hwyl, penguin
Yiddishchutzpah, gelt, kosher, nosh, oy vay, schemozzle, schmaltz, schmuk


 ・ Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
 ・ Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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