hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2025-01-27

■ #5754. divers vs diverse [variant][pronunciation][latin][french][doublet][stress][spelling][adjective][polysemy][pronoun][doublet]

　米国ではトランプ2.0が発足し，世界も予測不能のステージに入ってきている．この新政権では，DEI (= diversity, equity, and inclusion) の理念からの離脱が図られているとされる．この1つめの diversity は「多様性；相違」を意味するキーワードであり，英語にはラテン語からフランス語を経て14世紀半ばに借用されてきた．
　この名詞の基体はラテン語の形容詞 dīversum であり，これ自体は動詞 dīvertere （わきへそらす，転換する）に遡る．それて転じた結果，「別種の；多様な；数個の」へ展開したことになる．
　ところで，現代英語辞書には divers /ˈdaɪvəz/ と diverse /daɪˈvəːs/ とが別々に立項されている．綴字上は語尾に <e> があるかないかの違いがあり，発音上は強勢の落ちる音節および語末子音の有声・無声の相違がある．意味・語法としては，前者は古風・文学的な響きをもって「別種の；数個の」で用いられ，後者は主に「多様な」の語義で通用される．もともとは両者は互いに異形にすぎず，中英語期以降いずれの語義にも用いられてきたが，1700年頃に語形・意味において分化してきた．
　divers /ˈdaɪvəz/ は「数個；数人」を意味する名詞・代名詞としても用いられるようになったためか，その語末子音は，名詞複数形の -s を反映するかのように /z/ へと転じた．また，diverse /daɪˈvəːs/ の発音と綴字は，ラテン語由来の adverse, inverse などと関連づけられて定着したものと思われる．
　OED でも両語は別々に立項されているが，Diverse, Adj. & Adv. の項にて両語の形態と発音の歴史が詳細に解説されている．

Form and pronunciation history
The stress was originally on the second syllable, but was at an early date shifted to the first, although both pronunciations long coexisted, especially in verse. In early modern English divers (with stress on the first syllable) is the dominant form (overwhelmingly so in the 17th cent.), especially in the very common sense 'several, sundry, various' (see divers adj.) in which the word always occurs with a plural noun (the final -s coming to be pronounced /z/ after the plural ending -s, making the word homophonous with the plural of diver n.).
By the 18th cent. the senses of the word had come to be distinguished in form, with divers typically used to express the notions of variety and (especially) indefinite number (see divers adj. & n.) and diverse (probably by more immediate association with Latin diversus) the notion of difference (as in senses A.1 and A.3); thus Johnson (1755), Sheridan (1780), and Walker (1791), all of whom have two parallel entries. Both forms were typically stressed on the first syllable, and differed only in the pronunciation of the final consonant (respectively /z/ and /s/ ). The same formal and semantic distinction is reflected in 19th-cent. dictionaries, including Smart (1836), Worcester (1846), Knowles (1851), Stormonth (1877), Cent. Dict. (1889), and New English Dictionary (OED first edition) (1897). The latter notes at divers adj. (in sense 'various, sundry, several') that it is 'now somewhat archaic, but well known in legal and scriptural phraseology'; in this form the word is now chiefly archaic and used mainly in literary or legal contexts.
In the second half of the 19th cent. (as divers adj. was gradually becoming more restricted in use), the dictionaries begin to note an alternative pronunciation for diverse adj. with stress on the second syllable. This pronunciation probably continues the original one that had never entirely disappeared for this form, as is shown by examples from verse (compare e.g. quots. a1618, 1837 at sense A.1a, 1754 at sense A.3a). Knowles (1851) is one of the first dictionaries to note this pronunciation of diverse adj. (which, interestingly, he gives as the sole pronunciation); more commonly the two alternatives are given, as e.g. Craig (1882), who puts the pronunciation with initial stress first, and Stormonth (1877), Cent. Dict. (1889), New English Dictionary (OED first edition) (1897), who give priority to the pronunciation with stress on the second syllable; this has since become by far the more common pronunciation of the word.

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