hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2014-10-30

■ #2012. 言語変化研究で前提とすべき一般原則7点 [language_change][causation][methodology][sociolinguistics][history_of_linguistics][idiolect][neogrammarian][generative_grammar][variation]

　「#1997. 言語変化の5つの側面」 ([2014-10-15-1]) および「#1998. The Embedding Problem」 ([2014-10-16-1]) で取り上げた Weinreich, Labov, and Herzog による言語変化論についての論文の最後に，言語変化研究で前提とすべき "SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE CHANGE" (187--88) が挙げられている．

   1. Linguistic change is not to be identified with random drift proceeding from inherent variation in speech. Linguistic change begins when the generalization of a particular alternation in a given subgroup of the speech community assumes direction and takes on the character of orderly differentiation.
   2. The association between structure and homogeneity is an illusion. Linguistic structure includes the orderly differentiation of speakers and styles through rules which govern variation in the speech community; native command of the language includes the control of such heterogeneous structures.
   3. Not all variability and heterogeneity in language structure involves change; but all change involves variability and heterogeneity.
   4. The generalization of linguistic change throughout linguistic structure is neither uniform nor instantaneous; it involves the covariation of associated changes over substantial periods of time, and is reflected in the diffusion of isoglosses over areas of geographical space.
   5. The grammars in which linguistic change occurs are grammars of the speech community. Because the variable structures contained in language are determined by social functions, idiolects do not provide the basis for self-contained or internally consistent grammars.
   6. Linguistic change is transmitted within the community as a whole; it is not confined to discrete steps within the family. Whatever discontinuities are found in linguistic change are the products of specific discontinuities within the community, rather than inevitable products of the generational gap between parent and child.
   7. Linguistic and social factors are closely interrelated in the development of language change. Explanations which are confined to one or the other aspect, no matter how well constructed, will fail to account for the rich body of regularities that can be observed in empirical studies of language behavior.

　この論文で著者たちは，青年文法学派 (neogrammarian)，構造言語学 (structural linguistics)，生成文法 (generative_grammar) と続く近代言語学史を通じて連綿と受け継がれてきた，個人語 (idiolect) と均質性 (homogeneity) を当然視する姿勢，とりわけ「構造＝均質」の前提に対して，経験主義的な立場から猛烈な批判を加えた．代わりに提起したのは，言語は不均質 (heterogeneity) の構造 (structure) であるという視点だ．ここから，キーワードとしての "orderly heterogeneity" や "orderly differentiation" が立ち現れる．この立場は近年 "variationist" とも呼ばれるようになってきたが，その精神は上の7点に遡るといっていい．
　change は variation を含意するという3点目については，「#1040. 通時的変化と共時的変異」 ([2012-03-02-1]) や「#1426. 通時的変化と共時的変異 (2)」 ([2013-03-23-1]) を参照．
　6点目の子供基盤仮説への批判については，「#1978. 言語変化における言語接触の重要性 (2)」 ([2014-09-26-1]) も参照されたい．
　言語変化の "multiple causation" を謳い上げた7点目は，「#1584. 言語内的な要因と言語外的な要因はどちらが重要か？ (3)」 ([2013-08-28-1]) でも引用した．multiple causation については，最近の記事として「#1986. 言語変化の multiple causation あるいは "synergy"」 ([2014-10-04-1]) と「#1992. Milroy による言語外的要因への擁護」 ([2014-10-10-1]) でも論じた．

　・ Weinreich, Uriel, William Labov, and Marvin I. Herzog. "Empirical Foundations for a Theory of Language Change." Directions for Historical Linguistics. Ed. W. P. Lehmann and Yakov Malkiel. U of Texas P, 1968. 95--188.

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