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hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2019-10-21

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2019-10-21 Mon

#3829. 650年以後のラテン借用語の一覧 [lexicology][latin][loan_word][oe][borrowing]

 「#3790. 650年以前のラテン借用語の一覧」 ([2019-09-12-1]) に続き,今回は反対の650年「以後」のラテン借用語を,Durkin (116--19) より列挙しよう.ただし,こちらは先の一覧と異なり網羅的ではない.あくまで一部を示すものなので注意.
 650年以前と以後の借用語の傾向について比較すると,後者は学問・宗教と結びつけられる語彙が目立つことがわかるだろう.「#3787. 650年辺りを境とする,その前後のラテン借用語の特質」 ([2019-09-09-1]) も参照.

[ Religion and the Church ]

 ・ acolitus 'acolyte' [L acoluthus, acolitus]
 ・ altare, alter 'altar' [L altare]
 ・ apostrata 'apostate' [L apostata]
 ・ apostol 'apostle' [L apostrolus]
 ・ canon 'canon, rule of the Church; canon, cleric living under a canonical rule' [L canon]
 ・ capitol 'chapter, section; chapter, assembly' [L capitulum]
 ・ clauster 'monastic cell, cloister, monastery' [L claustrum]
 ・ cleric, also '(earlier) clīroc 'clerk, clergyman' [L clericus]
 ・ crēda, crēdo 'creed' [L credo]
 ・ crisma 'holy oil, chrism; white cloth or garment of the newly baptized; chrismatory or pyx' [L chrisma]
 ・ crismal 'chrism cloth' [L chrismalis]
 ・ crūc 'cross' [L cruc-, crux]
 ・ culpa 'fault, sin' [L culpa]
 ・ decan 'person who supervises a group of (originally) ten monks or nuns, a dean' [L decanus]
 ・ dēmōn 'devil, demon' [L aemon]
 ・ dīacon 'deacon' [L diaconus]
 ・ discipul 'disciple; follower; pupil' [L discipulus]
 ・ eretic 'heretic' [L haereticus]
 ・ graþul 'gradual (antiphon sung between the Epistle and the Gospel at Mass)' [L graduale]
 ・ īdol 'idol' [L idolum]
 ・ lētanīa 'litany' [L letania]
 ・ martir, martyr 'martyr' [L martyr]
 ・ noctern 'nocturn, night office' [L nocturna]
 ・ nōn 'ninth hour (approximately 3 p.m.); office said at this time' [L nona (hora)]
 ・ organ 'canticle, song, melody; musical instrument, especially a wind instrument'
 ・ orgel- (in orgeldrēam 'instrumental music') [L organum]
 ・ pāpa 'pope' [L papa]
 ・ paradīs 'paradise, Garden of Eden, heaven' [L paradisus]
 ・ passion 'story of the Passion of Christ' [L passion-, passio]
 ・ prīm 'early morning office of the Church' [L prima]
 ・ prior 'superior office of a religious house or order, prior' [L prior]
 ・ sabat 'sabbath' [L sabbata]
 ・ sācerd 'priest; priestess' [L sacerdos]
 ・ salm, psalm, sealm 'psalm, sacred song' [L psalma]
 ・ saltere, sealtere 'psalter, also type of stringed instrument' [L psalterium]
 ・ sanct 'holy person, saint' [L sanctus]
 ・ stōl, stōle 'long outer garment; ecclesiastical vestment' [L stola]
 ・ tempel 'temple' [L templum]

[ Learning and scholarship ]

 ・ accent 'diacritic mark' [L accentus]
 ・ bærbære 'barbarous, foreign' [L barbarus]
 ・ biblioþēce, bibliþēca 'library' [L bibliotheca]
 ・ cālend 'first day of the month; (in poetry) month' [L calendae]
 ・ cærte, carte '(leaf or sheet of) vellum; piece of writing, document, charter' [L charta, carta]
 ・ centaur 'centaur' [L centaurus]
 ・ circul 'circle, cycle' [L circulums]
 ・ comēta 'comet' [L cometa]
 ・ coorte, coorta 'cohort' [L cohort-, cohors]
 ・ cranic 'chronicle' [L chronicon or chronica]
 ・ cristalla, cristallum 'crystal; ice' [L crystallum]
 ・ epistol, epistola, pistol 'letter' [L epistola, epistula]
 ・ fers, uers 'verse, line of poetry, passage, versicle' [L versus]
 ・ gīgant 'giant' [L gigant- gigas]
 ・ grād 'step; degree' [L gradus]
 ・ grammatic-cræft 'grammar' [L grammatica]
 ・ legie 'legion' [L legio]
 ・ meter 'metre' [L metrum]
 ・ nōt 'note, mark' [L nota]
 ・ nōtere 'scribe, writer' [L notarius]
 ・ part 'part (of speech)' [L part-, pars]
 ・ philosoph 'philosopher' [L philosophus]
 ・ punct 'quarter of an hour' [L punctum]
 ・ tītul 'title, superscription' [L titulus]
 ・ þēater 'theatre' [L theatrum]

[ Plants, fruit, and products of plants ]

 ・ alwe 'aloe' [L aloe]
 ・ balsam, balzam 'balsam, balm' [L balsamum]
 ・ berbēne 'vervain, verbena' [L verbena]
 ・ cāl, cāul, cāwel (or cawel) 'cabbage' [L caulis]
 ・ calcatrippe 'caltrops, or another thorny or spiky plant' [L calcatrippa]
 ・ ceder 'cedar' [L cedrus]
 ・ coliandre, coriandre 'coriander' [L coliandrum, coriandrum]
 ・ cucumer 'cucumber' [L cucumer-, cucumis]
 ・ cypressus 'cypress' [L cypressus]
 ・ fēferfuge (or feferfuge), fēferfugie (or feferfugie) 'feverfew' [L febrifugia, with substitution of Old English fēfer or fefer for the first element]
 ・ laur, lāwer 'laurel, bay, laver' [L laurus]
 ・ lilie 'lily' [L lilium]
 ・ mōr- (in mōrberie, mōrbēam) 'mulberry' [L morus]
 ・ murre 'myrrh' [L murra, murrha, mytrrha]
 ・ nard 'spikenard (name of a plant and of ointment made from it)' [L nardus]
 ・ palm, palma, pælm 'palm (tree)' [L palma]
 ・ peonie 'peony' [L paeonia]
 ・ peruince, perfince 'periwinkle' [L pervinca]
 ・ petersilie 'parsley' [L ptetrosilenum, petrosilium, petresilium]
 ・ polente (or perhaps polenta) 'parched corn' [L polenta]
 ・ pyretre 'pellitory' (a plant) [L pyrethrum]
 ・ rōse (or rose) 'rose' [L rosa]
 ・ rōsmarīm, rōsmarīnum 'rosemary' [L rosmarinum]
 ・ safine 'savine (type of plant)' [L sabina]
 ・ salfie, sealfie 'sage' [L salvia]
 ・ spīce, spīca 'aromatic herb, spice, spikenard' [L spica]
 ・ stōr 'incense, frankincense' [probably L storax]
 ・ sycomer 'sycamore' [L sycomorus]
 ・ ysope 'hyssop' [L hyssopus]

[ Animals ]

 ・ aspide 'asp, viper' [L aspid-, aspis]
 ・ basilisca 'basilisk' [L basiliscus]
 ・ camel, camell 'camel' [L camelus]
 ・ *delfīn 'dolphin' [L delfin]
 ・ fenix 'phoenic; (in one example) kind of tree' [L phoenix]
 ・ lēo 'lion' [L leo]
 ・ lopust 'locust' [L locusta]
 ・ loppestre, lopystre 'lobster' [probably L locusta]
 ・ pndher 'panther' [L panther]
 ・ pard 'panther, leopard' [L pardus]
 ・ pellican 'name of a bird of the wilderness' [L pellicanus]
 ・ tiger 'tiger' [L tigris]
 ・ ultur 'vulture' [L vultur]

[ Medicine ]

 ・ ātrum, atrum, attrum 'black vitriol; atrament; blackness' [L atramentum]
 ・ cancer 'ulcerous sore' [L cancer]
 ・ flanc 'flank' [L *flancum]
 ・ mamme 'teat' [L mamma]
 ・ pigment 'drug' [L pigmentum]
 ・ plaster 'plaster (medical dressing), plaster (building material)' [L plastrum, emplastrum]
 ・ sċrofell 'scrofula' [L scrofula]
 ・ tyriaca 'antidote to poison' [L tiriaca, theriaca]

[ Tools and implements ]

 ・ pāl 'stake, stave, post, pole; spade' [L palus]
 ・ (perhaps) paper '(probably) wick' [L papirus, papyrus]
 ・ pīc 'spike, pick, pike' [perhals L *pic-]
 ・ press 'press (specifically clothes-press)' [L pressa or French presse]

[ Building and construction; settlements ]

 ・ castel, cæstel 'village, small town; (in late manuscripts) castle' [L castellum]
 ・ foss 'ditch' [L fossa]
 ・ marman-, marmel- (in marmanstān, marmelstān 'marble' [L marmor]

[ Receptacles ]

 ・ purs, burse 'purse' [L bursa]

[ Money; units of measurement ]

 ・ cubit 'cubit, measure of length' [L cubitum]
 ・ mancus 'a money of account equivalent to thirty pence, a weight equivalent to thirty pence' [L mancus]
 ・ talente 'talent (as unit of weight or of money)' [L talentum]

[ Clothing ]

 ・ cæppe, also (in cantel-cāp 'cloak worn by a cantor') cāp 'cloak, hood, cap' (with uncertain relationship to cōp in the same meaning) [L cappa]
 ・ tuniċe, tuneċe 'undergarment, tunic, coat, toga' [L tunica]

[ Roles, ranks, and occupations (non-religious or not specifically religious) ]

 ・ centur, centurio, centurius 'centurion' [L centurion-, centurio]
 ・ cōc 'cook' [L *cocus, coquus]
 ・ consul 'consul' [L consul]
 ・ fiþela 'fiddler' (also fiþelere 'fiddler', fiþelestre '(female) fiddler') [probably L vitula]

[ Warfare ]

 ・ mīlite 'soldiers' [L milites, plural of miles]

[ Verbs ]

 ・ acordan 'to reconcile' [perhaps L accordare, although more likely a post-Conquest borrowing from French]
 ・ acūsan 'to accuse (someone)' [L accusare]
 ・ ġebrēfan 'to set down briefly in writing' [L breviare]
 ・ dēclīnian 'to decline or inflect' [L declinare]
 ・ offrian 'to offer, sacrifice' [L offerre]
 ・ *platian 'to make or beat into thin plates' (implied by platung 'metal plate' and ġeplatod and aplatod 'beaten into thin plates') [L plata, noun]
 ・ predician 'to preach' [L predicare, praedicare]
 ・ prōfian 'to assume to be, to take for' [L probare]
 ・ rabbian 'to rage' [L rabiare]
 ・ salletan 'to sing psalms, to play on the harp' [L psallere]
 ・ sċrūtnian, sċrūdnian 'to examine' [L scrutinare]
 ・ *spendan 'to spend' (recorded in Old English only in the derivatives spendung, aspendan, forspendan) [L expendere]
 ・ studdian 'to look after, be careful for' [L studere]
 ・ temprian 'to modify; to cure, heal; to control' [L temperare]
 ・ tonian 'to thunder' [L tonare]

[ Adjectives ]

 ・ fals 'false' [L falsus]
 ・ mechanisċ 'mechanical' [L mechanicus]

[ Miscellaneous ]

 ・ fals 'fraud, trickery' [L falsum]
 ・ rocc (only in stānrocc) 'cliff or crag' [L rocca]
 ・ sott 'fool', also adjective 'foolish' [L sottus]
 ・ tabele, tabul, tabule 'tablet, board; writing tablet; gaming table' [L tabula]

 ・ Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-21-1] [2019-10-22-1]

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