hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2016-05-12

■ #2572. Momma and Matto （編）の英語史年表 [timeline][history][language_planning][linguistic_right]

　最近の「#2562. Mugglestone （編）の英語史年表」 ([2016-05-02-1]) に引き続き，英語史年表シリーズ．Momma and Matto の英語史コンパニオンの pp. xxix--xxxiii に掲げられている年表を再現する．後期近代英語期について，言語教育，言語権 (linguistic_right)，言語計画 (linguistic_planning) などの応用社会言語学的な項目が多く立てられている点に，この年表の特徴がある．

1000 BCE	Indo-European languages spread throughout Europe and southern Asia, some already attested in writing for hundreds of years.
ca. 1000--1 BCE	Gradual sound shifts (Grimm's Law) take place in Germanic languages.
55--54 BCE	Julius Caesar invades Britain.
43 CE	Romans under Claudius conquer Britain; the "Roman Britain" period begins.
ca. 50--100	Scandinavian Runic inscriptions are produced, which remain the oldest attestations of a Germanic language.
ca. 98	Roman historian Cornelius Tacitus writes ''Germania''.
ca. 350	Bishop Wulfila translates the Bible into Gothic, an East Germanic language.
410	roman troops withdraw from Britain as Visigoths sack Rome; the "Roman Britain" period ends.
449	According to tradition,Anglo-Saxons (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) begin invasion and settlement of Britain, bringing their West Germanic dialects to the islands.
597	Pope Gregory sends Augustine to Kent where he converts King Æthelberht and 10,000 other Anglo-Saxons to Christianity.
793--ca. 900	Vikings (Danes, Norwegians, Swedes) raid England periodically and establish settlements.
878	King Alfred's victory over Guthrum's Danish army at Edington paves the way for the creation of the Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons.
886	King Alfred and Guthrum sign a treaty establishing the "Dane law" north and east of London, heavily settled by the Norse-speaking vikings.
890s	King Alfred translates Pope Gregory's ''Regula pastoralis'' into English.
ca. 900	Bede's ''Ecclesiastical History'' is translated from Latin into Old English.
ca. 975--1025	The four great manuscripts containing Old English poetry (Exeter Book, Junius Manuscript, Vercelli Book, and ''Beowulf'' Manuscript) are compiled, though many of the texts they contain were likely composed over the previous 300 years.
993--5	Aelfric composes his Latin-Old English ''Glossary''.
1066	William the Conqueror leads the Norman conquest of England, solidifying French as the language of the nobility.
1171	Henry II leads the Cambro-Norman invasion of Ireland, bringing French and English speakers to the island.
1204	King John of England loses Normandy to France.
ca. 1245	Walter of Bibbesworth compiles his ''Tretiz de Langage'' to improve the French of English-speaking Landowners.
1282	Wales is conquered by King Edward I of England.
1348--50	The Black Plague kills about one-third of the English population.
1362	Statute of Pleading requires English be spoken in law courts.
1366	Statutes of Kilkenny outlaw (among other Irish customs) speaking Irish by Englishmen in Ireland.
1370--1400	Chaucer writes his major works.
1380s	John Wycliffe and his followers illegally translate the Latin Vulgate Bible into English.
1380--1450	Chancery standard written English is developed.
ca. 1450	Johannes Gutenberg establishes the printing press in Germany.
1476	William Caxton sets up the first printing press in England.
1492	Christopher Columbus explores the Caribbean and Central America.
1497	Italian navigator John Cabot explores Newfoundland.
1500--1650	Great Vowel Shift takes place.
1525	William Tyndale prints an English translation of the New Testament.
1534	The first complete English translation of the Bible from the original Greek and Hebrew is produced.
1536 and 1543	Acts of Union (Laws in Wales Acts) annex Wales to England.
1542	Crown of Ireland Act makes the English king also the Irish king.
1558--1603	Queen Elizabeth I reigns.
ca. 1575--1600	English becomes an important trade language in West Africa.
1580s--1612	Shakespeare composes his plays.
1583--1607	British attempt unsuccessfully to establish colonies in America.
1588	The Bible is translated into Welsh.
1589	George Puttenham publishes his ''Art of English Poesy''.
1600	British East India Company receives its charter, facilitating economic expansion into India.
1600s	Atlantic slave trade begins, bringing Africans to America.
1603	Union of the Crowns: James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England and Scotland, accelerating the Anglicization of Scots-English.
1604	Robert Cawdrey compiles ''A Table Alphabeticall'', the first monolingual English dictionary.
1607	The Virginia Company of London successfully establishes a colony in America at Jamestown, Virginia.
1610	British establish fishing outposts in Newfoundland.
1611	The King James Bible is published.
1620	Pilgrims establish a colony at Plymouth Rock.
1623--ca. 1660	British establish colonies throughout Caribbean.
1642--51	English Civil Wars are ongoing.
1660	The Restoration: Charles II returns to the throne.
1663	The Royal Society is founded.
1689	British establish the three administrative districts of Bengal, Bombay (now Mumbai), Madras (now Chennai) on the Indian subcontinent.
1694	French publish a national dictionary.
1695	The Licensing Act expires, giving anyone the freedom to publish without government permission.
1707	Acts of Union unite governments of England and Scotland, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain.
1712	Jonathan Swift writes his "Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue.".
1755	Samuel Johnson's ''Dictionary of the English Language'' is published.
	French-speaking Acadians are expelled from Canada by British, settle in Louisiana and are called Cajuns.
1773	British establish a Governor Generalship in India.
1776	Thomas Jefferson drafts American Declaration of Independence.
1780s	British begin to settle in Australia.
1783	Treaty of Paris recognizes an independent United States of America; Noah Webster's "blue-back" spelling book is published.
1786	William Jones suggests a common root for Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, promoting comparative linguistics and Indo-European studies.
1787	English speakers of African origin are repatriated to Africa in Freetown, Sierra Leone.
1789--99	The French Revolution takes place.
1795	Lindley Murray's ''English Grammar'' is published.
1800	Act of Union unites governments of Ireland and Great Britain, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and requiring that Irish politicians speak English in British government.
1803	The Louisiana Purchase allows US to expand westward.
1811--18	Jane Austen's novels and published.
1819	The British government passes the Six Acts, aimed to suppress the publication of radical newspapers.
1820	Freed English-speaking slaves repatriated from America to the newly created West African nation of Liberia.
1828	Noah Webster's ''Dictionary of American English'' is published.
1831	A system of Primary School Education is introduced in Ireland, with English as the medium of instruction.
1835	Lord Macaulay's Minute initiates the introduction of English language education into South Asia.
1836	The phrase "standard English" first appears in a philological sketch on the history of the language in the ''Quarterly Review''.
1837--1901	Queen Victoria reigns.
1840s	British begin to settle in New Zealand.
1845--9	Many monoglot Irish speakers die as a result of the Great Famine in Ireland.
1852	''Roget's Thesaurus'' is first published.
1858	Act for the Better Government of India results in the British governing India directly.
1859	''Proposal for the Publication of a New English Dictionary'' initiates work on what will be the ''Oxford English Dictionary''.
1873	Harvard University introduces the first American college program in English composition for native speakers.
1898	Americans take over control of the Philippines from Spain, beginning America's colonial period.
1914--39	James Joyce's major works are published.
1922	Ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty recognizes an independent Irish Free State, which will become the Republic of Ireland.
1925	The Phelps-Stokes Commission recommends teaching both English and native languages in Africa.
1926--62	William Faulkner's major works are published.
1928	''Oxford English Dictionary'' is completed.
1946	The Philippines achieve independence from the United States.
1947	India achieves independence from Britain; Pakistan splits from India.
1953	English made a compulsory subject in national examinations in elementary schools throughout Anglophone Africa.
1957--68	Most of Britain's African colonies achieve independence.
1967	The Official languages Act makes English and Hindi India's two official languages.
	Tanzania launches a "Swahilization" program.
1970-	Toni Morrison's major works are published.
1875--	Salman Rushdie's major works are published.
1979	Lawsuit (''Martin Luther King Jr Elementary School Children vs. Ann Arbor School District Board'') sets precedent for requiring teachers to study AAVE.
	Urdu replaces English as the language of instruction in schools in Pakistan.
1991	Helsinki corpus of English words from the Old English period through 1720 is completed.
1993	Welsh Language Act makes Welsh an official language in Wales alongside English.
1996--7	The "Ebonics" debates begin in Oakland, California.
1998	The Good Friday Agreement grants "parity of esteem" to the Irish language and to Ulster Scots (Ullans) in Northern Ireland.

　・ Momma, Haruko and Michael Matto, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.

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