hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2016-05-02

■ #2562. Mugglestone （編）の英語史年表 [timeline][history]

　英語史年表シリーズ．Mugglestone 編の英語史書 pp. 415--28 に，"A CHRONOLOGY OF ENGLISH" と題する詳細な年表が掲げられている．これまで本ブログで挙げてきた年表シリーズのなかでも最も長いものである．とりわけ近現代の外面史が詳しく，20世紀後半などはひたすら旧植民地の独立の時期だなとあらためて実感．

c1500 BC	First evidence for some languages of the Indo-European group.
c1000-500 BC	Emergence of Proto-Germanic.
c300--200 BC	Break-up of Proto-Germanic.
c45--c410	Britain becomes part of the Roman Empire, forming the Roman colony 'Britannia'.
c410	Collapse of Roman Empire; Romans leave Britain.
449	Traditional date for the invasion of Britain by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.
597	Arrival of Roman mission in England and introduction of Christianity.
601	Augustine becomes the first Archbishop of Canterbury.
664	Synod of Whitby.
670s	Presumed date of composition of Cædmon's Hymn.
c700	First surviving written evidence of Old English.
c700--20	Lindisfarne Gospels written (in Latin).
731	Bede completes his Ecclesiastical History of the English People (in Latin).
735	Death of Bede.
757(--96)	Reign of Offa as King of Mercia.
780s	Period of Scandinavian invasion begins.
793	Sacking of the monastery at Lindisfarne by Scandinavian invaders.
849	Alfred born in Wantage, Oxfordshire.
870s	Scandinavian settlement in England.
871(--99)	1 Reign of Alfred as King of Wessex.
	2 Production of translations of, for example, Bede's Ecclesiastical History, Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy, Gregory's Pastoral Care.
878	Battle of Edington, in which Alfred triumphs over Vikings and agrees on areas of Scandinavian settlement (later to be known as the 'Danelaw').
from c890	Production of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
899	Death of Alfred.
937	Battle of Brunanburh.
from c950	Benedictine Reform.
c950(--970)	Glosses to Lindisfarne Gospel added (in Old English) by Aldred, Provost of Chester-le-Street in Northumbria.
c955	Birth of Ælfric.
c970s	Exeter Book and Vercelli Book copied.
990s	Ælfric writes his Catholic Homilies.
991	Battle of Maldon.
c1000	Copying of Junius (or Cædmon) manuscript and Beowulf manuscript.
1005	Ælfric becomes Abbot of Eynsham in Oxfordshire.
c1010	Death of Ælfric.
1016(--35)	Reign of the Danish king Cnut over England.
1066	Battle of Hastings; William I (the conqueror) reigns over England (until 1087).
1086--7	Compilation of the Domesday Book, the first survey of the nation's land resources.
c1122	The Peterborough Chronicle is copied, and the First Continuation begins.
1154	Peterborough Chronicle ends.
c1170s	The Ormulum.
1172	Henry II becomes King of Ireland.
1204	Loss of Normandy; England becomes the sole remaining home of Norman English.
1215	Magna Carta.
c1225	Ancrene Wisse.
1258	Proclamation of Henry III: first Royal Proclamation issued in English since the Norman Conquest.
1284	Annexation of Wales.
c1300	Cursor Mundi.
1330--80	Evidence of East Midland influence on language of London; evidence of limited standardization in manuscripts written in London.
1337(--1454)	Hundred Years' War with France.
1340	Dan Michel's Ayenbite of Inwyt completed.
c1343	Birth of Geoffrey Chaucer.
1348	First outbreak of the Black Death.
1362	Statute of Pleading; English becomes the official language of the law courts.
1380s	Wycliffite Bible (first complete Bible in English).
1381	The Peasants' Revolt.
1387	John Trevisa completes English translation of Ranulph Higden's Polychronicon (1327).
c1395	Second version of the Wycliffite Bible in English.
1400	Death of Geoffrey Chaucer
1417	Signet Office begins issuing the king's letters in English.
1422	Brewers' Guild of London decides to switch to English as language of proceedings and accounts.
1425	First surviving Paston letter.
1430	Chancery adopts East Midland koiné as its written form.
c1450	Death of John Lydgate.
c1470	Death of Thomas Malory.
1475	Printing of The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye by William Caxton in Bruges---the first book to be printed in English.
1476	William Caxton sets up his printing press in Westminster and publishes the first printed books in English.
1485	Henry VII becomes the first Tudor King after Richard III is killed at the Battle of Bosworth.
1489	French no longer used as the language of Parliament.
1490	Caxton's Eneydos published (with prologue remarking on variability of English).
1491	Death of Caxton; succeeded by Wynkyn de Worde, who moves his printing press to Fleet Street.
1492	Christopher Columbus arrives in West Indies.
1497	John Cabot reaches Newfoundland, providing the first English contact with Canada.
1525--6	Publication of William Tyndale's New Testament in English.
1534	English Reformation (Henry VIII breaks with the Catholic Church).
1535	Publication of Miles Coverdale's Bible (the first complete Bible to be printed in English).
1536	First act of union between England and Wales.
1542	Andrew Boorde, Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge, illustrates regional dialects.
1549	Book of Common Prayer.
1562	John Hawkins starts British slave trade.
1564	Birth of Shakespeare.
1565	Lawrence Nowell, Vocabularium Saxiconum, first Old English glossary; included northern English words.
1567	Thomas Harman, A Caveat or Warening for Common Cursetors, first glossary of the 'canting language' or dialect of the underworld.
1577(--80)	Francis Drake circumnavigates the world.
1585	Thomas Herriot, a scientist, visits Roanoke in America to gather information on the flora, fauna, resources, people, and languages.
1586	Publication of William Bullokar's Pamphlet for Grammar, the first grammar of English.
1600	Founding of the East India Company.
1600(--)	English begins to be used in records of legal proceedings.
1603	Union of the Crowns; James VI of Scotland succeeds to the English throne, as James I, after death of Elizabeth I.
1604	Robert Cawdrey, A Table Alphabeticall, the first English-English dictionary, translates 'hard words' and inkhorn terms into 'common' English.
1607	Jamestown in Chesapeake Bay founded in North America---the first successful British colony.
1611	The Authorized Version of the English Bible (the 'King James' Bible), attempts to resolve questions about Englishing the Word of God.
1616	Death of Shakespeare.
1619	Alexander Gil, Logonomia Anglica, first vernacular grammar to treat English dialects systematically.
1623	Publication of the First Folio edition of Shakespeare's plays.
1653	Publication of John Wallis's Grammatica linguae Anglicanae.
1655	Britain ousts the Spanish from Jamaica and extends its influence and language into the Caribbean and to West Africa.
1660	1 Restoration of the monarchy.
	2 Royal Society of London founded, in part, as the first English language academy.
1670	Hudson's Bay Company formed.
1710	Copyright Act.
1711	Publication of Greenwood's Essay towards a practical English Grammar.
1712	Publication (anonymously) of A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue; in a Letter by Jonathan Swift, which proposes the foundation of an Academy to regulate English usage.
1713	Having defeated the French, the British exile French-speakers from Atlantic Canada. A later attempt by France to maintain colonies in present-day Illinois failed, and their defeat at Battle of Quebec in 1759 ensures dominance by English speakers in the west.
1714	Death of Queen Anne: all chances of setting up an English Academy lost.
1715	Elisabeth Elstob published the first grammar of Old English.
c1745	Publication of Ann Fisher's New Grammar (Newcastle upon Tyne), the first grammar to be published by a woman.
1747	Samuel Johnson published the Plan for his Dictionary.
1752	Britain (and its colonies) move from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, losing 11 days between 2 and 14 September.
1755	Publication of Samuel Johnson's two-volume Dictionary of the English Language.
1757	In India, the British military victory at Plassy institutes English dominance in South Asia that will last until 1947. In the hands of expatriate and native soldiers and bureaucrats, English becomes the language of government.
1762	Publication of Robert Lowth's Short Introduction to English Grammar.
1770	Botany Bay, Australia, discovered by James Cook.
1775	War of American Independence begins.
1776	Declaration of American Independence.
1780	Publication of Thomas Sheridan's General Dictionary of the English Language. One main object of which, is, to establish a plain and permanent standard of pronunciation.
1783	US Declaration of Independence formally recognized by the British.
1783	Noah Webster's American Spelling Book (the 'Blue-backed Speller') published.
1787	Abolitionists in Britain establish Sierra Leone in West Africa and settle 2000 freed slaves there. They employ English in governing themselves and the indigenous peoples.
1788	Establishment of a penal colony near present-day Sydney begins to form the distinctive English of Australia.
1789	Publication of Noah Webster's Dissertations on the English Language, which advocated the institution of a national American standard of usage.
1791	Publication of John Walker's Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language.
1793	A delegation from Britain arrives in China to open trade relations. 'Pidgin English' begins to emerge as a trade language.
1795	Publication of Lindley Murray's English Grammar, adapted to the different classes of learners. Over 1.5 million copies would be sold by 1850.
1800	Act of Union with Ireland.
1801	Union with Ireland begins.
1803	Purchasing the huge central portion of what is now the USA, the US government ensured the extension of English throughout much of the American west.
1806	British establish control of South Africa (English becomes the official language in 1822).
1810	William Hazlitt publishes A New and Improved Grammar of the English Tongue.
1821	Liberia is supported by the USA as a place of re-settlement for freed slaves. All who arrive in Monrovia as part of this 'colonization' effort are English speakers.
1825	Opening of the Stockton to Darlington Railway.
1828	Publication of Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language.
1830	Opening of the Liverpool to Manchester Railway.
1832	Passing of the First Reform Bill.
1837	Death of William IV; accession of Queen Victoria.
1840	1 In England, introduction of the Penny Post on 10 January; by the end of the year 168 million letters have been posted (compared to 76 million in 1839)
	2 The Treaty of Waitangi was the foundation document in the establishment of exclusive British sovereignty in New Zealand.
1842	Foundation of the London Philological Society.
1844	First telegraph line established between Baltimore and Washington.
1845--48	The annexation of Texas and the defeat of the Mexican army extends the USA westward to California. Vast numbers of migrants to the west, especially after the gold rush of 1848, overwhelm the institutions of Spanish culture.
1850	Public Libraries Act.
1854--6	Crimean War.
1858	Proposal for A New English Dictionary (later known as The Oxford English Dictionary) made by the London Philological Society.
1866	Atlantic Cable completed, linking Valencia, Ireland and Trinity Bay, Newfoundland by submarine cable.
1867	1 Second Reform Bill (extending franchise to all those who could demonstrate ownership of property worth ?7).
	2 Canada given self-government.
1869	Alexander Ellis publishes the first volume of his On Early English Pronunciation in which he defined 'received pronunciation' for the first time.
1870	In England and Wales, Elementary Education Act passed, providing compulsory elementary education for all children.
1872	Education in Scotland made compulsory until the age of 14.
1873	Founding of the English Dialect Society.
1876	Introduction of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell.
1877	Invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison.
1881	Education in England and Wales becomes compulsory until the age of 19.
1884	First fascicle of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (later OED) published, covering the words A-Ant.
1888	The British East Africa Company is established to oversee the development of British interests in Kenya, Zanzibar, and Uganda.
1889	Publication of fifth volume of A. J. Ellis's On Early English Pronunciation: The Existing Phonology of English Dialects.
1892	Publication of Joseph Wright's Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill.
1896	The English Dialect Society disbanded.
1897	Founding of the first regional dialect organization, The Yorkshire Dialect Society.
1898(--1905)	1 The Spanish-American War extends US dominance from the continent of North America and into Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
	2 In England, publication of The English Dialect Dictionary and English Dialect Grammar, edited by Joseph Wright.
1899(--1902)	1 The South African War (Boer War) concludes with the British in control of present-day South Africa.
	2 First magnetic sound recordings.
1901	1 Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic radio signals, sent between Poldhu, Cornwall and Signal Hill in Newfoundland.
	2 Australia is transformed from a colony to a commonwealth. Among the first laws passed was the Immigration Restriction Act which required all prospective immigrants 'to write out at dictation and sign in the presence of the [custom's] officer a passage of fifty words in length in a European language directed by the officer.' This language incorporated the 'dictation test' used in Natal in 1897 to exclude most Indians from South Africa.
	3 Death of Queen Victoria.
1906	First public radio broadcast.
1907	New Zealand becomes a dominion of the British Empire.
1910	The Union of South Africa becomes a dominion of the British Empire.
1914(--18)	The First World War (UK), World War I (US)
1918	The Englishman Sir Evelyn Wrench and the American Alexander Smith Cochran found the English-Speaking Union, to encourage partnership between the UK, its dominions, and the USA. [There is currently an English-Speaking Union of the Commonwealth (HQ: London) and of the United States (HQ: New York).]
1919	The German colony of Tanganyika in East Africa is ceded to Britain, and Kamerun in West Central Africa is divided between France (Cameroun) and Britain (Cameroon).
1920	Kenya becomes a British colony.
1921	Ireland achieves Home Rule and is separated from Great Britain. Gaelic is made an 'official' language in addition to English.
1922	Foundation of British Broadcasting Company (BBC).
1925	The Afrikaans language gains official status alongside English in South Africa.
1928	Completion of the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary.
1931	The British Commonwealth is formed, and South Africa becomes a dominion of the British Empire.
1934	The British Council is founded, with its headquarters in London, as a vehicle for British cultural diplomacy and teaching English as a foreign or second language.
1935	The Philippines becomes a self-governing Commonwealth in association with the USA.
1936	The Republic of Ireland severs all constitutional links with Great Britain.
1937	In Wales, a new constitution for the festival the national Eisteddfod makes Welsh its official language.
1939--45	The Second World War (UK), World War II (US).
1945	Signing of the United Nations Charter and the decision to make the headquarters of the UN in the USA gives English an unprecedented importance as a language of diplomacy.
1946	1 The Philippines gains its independence from the USA.
	2 Transjordan gains its independence from the UK as Jordan.
1947	1 India is partitioned into Pakistan and India and is freed from British control. The constitution provides that English remain the language of national government for only fifteen years. The approach of that date results in riots led by those fearing the dominance of Hindi and the loss of power for their own language communities. English remains as the most important of India's 'national languages' even though few learn it as a mother tongue.
	2 New Zealand gains its independence from the UK, and joins the Commonwealth.
1948	1 In England, the Survey of English Dialects is founded.
	2 Burma gains its independence from the UK, and declines membership of the Commonwealth.
	3 Ceylon gains its independence from the UK as Sri Lanka, and joins the Commonwealth.
1949	1 The Linguistic Survey of Scotland founded.
	2 Newfoundland becomes a province of Canada.
	3 Two new Guinea territories are combined by the United Nations as an Australian mandate, the UN Trust Territory of Papua and New Guinea.
1952	Puerto Rico (see 1898) becomes a Commonwealth in association with the US, with Spanish as its first and English its second language.
1953	The creation of the United States Information Agency (USIA) and its overseas arm, the United States Information Service (USIS).
1955	About this time, the number of speakers using English as an additional language surpassed the number who had learned it as a first language.
1957	1 The New Zealand-born lexicographer Robert W. Burchfield becomes the editor of a Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary (eventually published in four volumes 1972--86).
	2 The Gold Coast (as Ghana) and Malaya gain their independence from the UK.
1960	Nigeria becomes independent from the British and Somalia from the British and Italians.
1961	1 South Africa becomes a republic, leaves the Commonwealth, and adopts Afrikaans and English as its official languages.
	2 The British colony of Cameroon divides, part joining Nigeria, part joining the ex-French colony of Cameroun, to become the Republic of Cameroon, with French and English as its official languages.
	3 Sierra Leone, Kuwait, and Cyprus gain their independence from the UK
	4 In England, 1961--72, publication of the Basic Material of the Survey of English Dialects.
1962	1 Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uganda gain their independence from the UK.
	2 Caribbean English becomes the vehicle for popular culture, especially calypso, Rastafarianism, and raggae.
1963	1 Nigeria becomes independent as part of the wave of 'decolonizing' that took place throughout the former British colonies. West African Pidgin English emerges as a major and widely spoken regional language.
	2 Kenya gains its independence from the UK.
	3 Malaya unites with the newly independent colony of Borneo to become Malaysia.
	4 In Wales, the first public protests by the Cyndeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (the Welsh Language Society) take place, seeking a fuller use of Welsh in the Principality.
1964	1 Malta gains its independence from the UK.
	2 Tanganyika and Zanzibar (as Tanzania), Nyasaland (as Malawi), and Northern Rhodesia (as Zambia) gain their independence from the UK.
1965	Gambia, the Maldives, and Singapore gain their independence from the UK.
1966	Barbados, Basutoland (as Lesotho), Bechuanaland (as Botswana), and British Guiana (as Guyana) gain their independence from the UK.
1967	1 In the UK, the Welsh language Act gives the Welsh language equal validity with English in Wales, and the Principality is no longer deemed to be part of England.
	2 Aden gains its independence from the UK as South Yemen.
1968	1 The Survey of Anglo-Welsh Dialects is founded.
	2 Swaziland, Mauritius, and Nauru gain their independence from the UK.
1969	English and French become the official languages of Canada.
1970	Fiji and Tonga gain their independence from the UK.
1971	Bahrain, Qatar, and the Trucial States (as the United Arab Emirates) gain their independence from the UK.
1972	1 Martin Cooper makes the first public call on a personal, portable cell phone.
	2 East Pakistan secedes and becomes Bangladesh.
1973	The Bahamas gain their independence from the UK.
1974	1 The Cyngor Yr Iaith Gymraeg/Council for the Welsh Language is set up to advise the Secretary of State for Wales on matters concerning the Welsh language.
	2 Grenada gains its independence from the UK.
1975	Papua New Guinea gains its independence from Australia.
1976	The Seychelles gains its independence from the UK.
1977	In Quebec, Loi/Bill 101 is passed, making French the sole official language of the province and banning public signs in other languages.
1978	1 In England, Publication of The Linguistic Atlas of England.
	2 Dominica, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu gain their independence from the UK.
1979	St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, and the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (as Kiribati) gain their independence from the UK.
1980	The UK government averts a fast to the death by Gwynfor Evans, leader of Plaid Cymru (the Welsh National Party), by honouring election pledges to provide a fourth television channel broadcasting in both Welsh and English.
1981	Antigua (as Antigua and Barbuda) and British Honduras (as Belize) gain their independence from the UK.
1982	Canada's constitution, until then kept in London, is 'patriated' to Ottawa.
1983	St Kitts and Nevis gains its independence from the UK.
1984	1 Brunei gains its independence from the UK.
	2 David Rosewarne identifies 'Estuary English'.
1990	South West Africa gains its independence from South Africa as Namibia.
1991	1 Tim Berners-Lee launches the World Wide Web.
	2 The Marshall Islands and Micronesia gain their independence from the USA.
1994	Text messaging introduced.
1996	South Africa ratifies a constitution in which English becomes one of the eleven 'official' languages.
1997	Hong Kong is returned to China and becomes the last of the colonies in Asia to be freed from British sovereignty.
1999	A Survey of Regional English proposed.
2000	The European Union fosters bilingualism as a goal. In 2000, the largest of the then fifteen member states were estimated to have the following mother tongues: German (24%), French (16%), English (16%), Italian (16%), Spanish (11%). Once the population speaking these languages in addition to the mother tongue were added in, the figures show: English (47%), German (32%), French (28%), Italian (18%), and Spanish (15%).
2003	Text messages sent in the UK pass 20 billion.
2004	The British Library 'Collect Britain: English Accents and Dialects' website launched.
2005	The British Broadcasting Corporation 'Voices' project launched on 17 January.

　・ Mugglestone, Lynda, ed. The Oxford History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2006.

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