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Brinton and Arnovick (87) に,語の意味変化の例を示すおもしろい英文が載っていた.語形は変わっていないが,語の意味が変化してしまったことにより,一見普通の英文に見えるものの実際に読むと意味不明,あるいは矛盾を来たすという文章だ.
He was a happy and sad girl who lived in a town forty miles from the closest neighbor. His unmarried sister, a wife who was a vegetarian teetotaler, ate meat and drank liquor three times a day. She was so fond of oatmeal bread made from the corn her brother grew that she starved from overeating. He fed nuts to the deer that lived in the branches of an apple tree which bore pears. A silly and wise boor everyone liked, he was a lewd man whom the general censure held to be a model of chastity. (adapted from John Algeo and Carmen Acevedo Butcher. 2005. Problems in the Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th edn. Boston: Thomson-Wadsworth, pp. 224--5.)
赤字で示した語が意味変化を経た語である.現行の語義ではなく,今は失われたかつての語義を前提とすると,この文章はすっと意味が通るようになる.以下,各語について,古い語義と経験した意味変化のタイプをまとめる(cf. 「#473. 意味変化の典型的なパターン」 ([2010-08-13-1])).
Word | Old meaning | Type of semantic change | See also: |
---|---|---|---|
sad | sober | metonymy | |
girl | youth | specialisation | |
town | small enclosure | cultural change | 「#1395. up and down」 ([2013-02-20-1]) |
wife | woman | specialisation | 「#223. woman の発音と綴字」 ([2009-12-06-1]) |
meat | food | specialisation | 「#780. ベジタリアンの meat」 ([2011-06-16-1]) |
liquor | liquid | specialisation | |
corn | grain | specialisation | |
starve | die | specialisation, weakening | 「#596. die の謎」 ([2010-12-14-1]) |
deer | animal | specialisation | 「#127. deer, beast, and animal」 ([2009-09-01-1]) 「#128. deer の「動物」の意味はいつまで残っていたか」 ([2009-09-02-1]) |
apple | fruit | specialisation | |
silly | blessed | pejoration | 「#505. silly の意味変化」 ([2010-09-14-1]) |
boor | farmer | pejoration | |
lewd | lay | pejoration | |
censure | opinion | pejoration, metonymy |
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