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[2011-12-21-1]の記事「#968. 中英語におけるフランス借用語の質的形容詞」で触れたように,形容詞を意味の上で大きく二分すると,評価を表わす qualitative adjective (QA) と関係を示す relational adjective (RA) とが区別される.QA と RA の意味,形態,統語における特徴の違いにも興味があったが,それ以上に語種(本来語か借用語か)との関係が気になっていた.というのは,「#334. 英語語彙の三層構造」 ([2010-03-27-1]) やその他の三層構造の記事で言及してきた通り,本来語は評価的,主観的で,(Greco-Latin 系)借用語は記述的,客観的であるのが英語語彙の典型とされているからだ.形容詞はその区別がとりわけ表出しやすい語類であるように思われる.
この問題に関連して Farsi の論文を読んでみた.Farsi は,QA や RA という用語こそ使っていないが,"descriptive adjective" として Class A を,"evaluative adjective" として Class B の区分を設けた.さらに,両方の性質(より正確には両方の語義と語法)を兼ね備えた Class C をも設けて,英語の形容詞を鮮やかに分類した.理解しやすく,説得力があり,形容詞に関連する諸問題に示唆を与える卓論と評価したい.Class A, B, C の例を示そう.
Class A | Class B | Class C |
---|---|---|
affective | affectionate | academic |
appositive | apposite | aesthetic |
behavioural | mannerly | American |
bibliographic | bookish | artistic |
cardiac | hearty | British |
causal | effectual | Christian |
ceremonial | ceremonious | cinematic |
commemorative | memorable | civil |
conceptual | thoughtful | constitutional |
connective | coherent | conventional |
consonantal | consonant | critical |
continental | continent | demonstrative |
corrective | correct | diplomatic |
cultural | cultured | dramatic |
deductive | seductive | emotional |
dental | toothsome | English |
devotional | devout | ethical |
doctrinal | docile | formal |
durative | durable | French |
elective | eligible | grammatical |
entrepreneurial | enterprising | historical |
evaluative | valid | human |
experiential | experienced | legal |
factual | accurate | literary |
fiduciary | faithful | logical |
financial | lucrative | Marxian |
genealogical | genteel | moral |
generative | degenerate | musical |
generic | generous | parliamentary |
governmental | ruly | philosophical |
gustatory | tasteful | poetic |
inflexional | flexible | professional |
interrogative | inquisitive | rational |
intonational | tuneful | religious |
juridical | just | royal |
legislative | legitimate | sanitary |
manual | handy | scientific |
mental | sane | social |
methodological | methodical | spiritual |
modal | modish | theatrical |
morphological | shapely | |
nutritional | nutritious | |
observational | observant | |
olfactory | savoury | |
optical | sightly | |
ostensive | ostentatious | |
palatal | palatable | |
pecuniary | pecunious | |
pedagogic | pedantic | |
penitential | penitent | |
perceptual | perceptive | |
pictorial | picturesque | |
residential | homely | |
retributive | rewarding | |
semantic | significant | |
sensory | sensitive | |
sociological | sociable | |
stylistic | stylish | |
supervisory | watchful | |
syntactic | orderly | |
tactile | tactful | |
temporal | timely | |
theological | godly | |
urban | urbane | |
verbal | verbose | |
verificatory | veracious | |
visual | conspicuous | |
vocalic | equivocal | |
vocative | provocative | |
volitional | willing |
A word which can occupy the position between an article and a noun and the position after a linking verb and which cannot be transposed with the noun it modifies is an adjective if it contains a typical adjective-forming suffix or takes the comparative and superlative suffixes or adds the suffix -ly to form an adverb.
では,この区分のもつ通時的な implication は何か,語種との関係はどうなっているか.この問題は明日の記事で考える.
・ Farsi, A. A. "Classification of Adjectives." Language Learning 18 (1968): 45--60.
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