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言語干渉の要因や尺度について,これまで以下の記事で様々に考えてきた.
・ 「#430. 言語変化を阻害する要因」 ([2010-07-01-1])
・ 「#902. 借用されやすい言語項目」 ([2011-10-16-1])
・ 「#903. 借用の多い言語と少ない言語」 ([2011-10-17-1])
・ 「#934. 借用の多い言語と少ない言語 (2)」 ([2011-11-17-1])
・ 「#1779. 言語接触の程度と種類を予測する指標」 ([2014-03-11-1])
・ 「#1780. 言語接触と借用の尺度」 ([2014-03-12-1])
・ 「#1781. 言語接触の類型論」 ([2014-03-13-1])
・ 「#1989. 機能的な観点からみる借用の尺度」 ([2014-10-07-1])
・ 「#2011. Moravcsik による借用の制約」 ([2014-10-29-1])
・ 「#2064. 言語と文化の借用尺度 (1)」 ([2014-12-21-1])
・ 「#2065. 言語と文化の借用尺度 (2)」 ([2014-12-22-1])
今回は,言語干渉を促進する・阻害する構造的・非構造的要因を一覧にしてまとめた Weinreich (64--65) による表を掲げよう.PDF版はこちら.これを眺めながら,言語変化一般と同様に言語干渉による変化も,言語内的・外的の両要因によって条件付けられている可能性が常にあることを再認識したい.関連して「#1986. 言語変化の multiple causation あるいは "synergy"」 ([2014-10-04-1]) 及び multiple causation の各記事も参照されたい.
FORM OF INTERFERENCE | EXAMPLE | STRUCTURAL | NON-STRUCTURAL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
STIMULI | RESISTANCE FACTORS | STIMULI | RESISTANCE FACTORS | ||
All interference | Any points of difference between two systems | Stability of systems; requirements of intelligibility | Social value of source (model, primary) language; bilingual interlocutors; affective speech; individual propensity for speech mixture; etc. | Social value of recipient language; intolerance of interference; puristic attitudes toward recipient (secondary) language; loyalty to mother-tongue; unilingual interlocutors; etc. | |
Phonic | |||||
Under-differentiation of phonemes | /d/ and /t/ not differentiated | Absence of corresponding distinctions in primary language | Functional yield of the distinction | --- | Loyalty to secondary language |
Over-differentiation of phonemes | [k] and [kh] treated as separate phonemes | Presence of distinction (only) in primary language | --- | --- | --- |
Reinterpretation of relevant features | Voiceless /p/ treated as phonemically tense and only concomitantly voiceless | Different phonemic systems | Existence of appropriate holes in the pattern | --- | --- |
Phone substitution | [r] for [R] where there is only one trill phoneme | Different pronunciations equivalent phonemes | Danger of confusion with another phoneme | Social value of primary language | Loyalty to secondary language |
Integration of loanwords | English /rajs/ into Hawaiian /lɑiki/ | Difference in phonemic systems; homogeneous but different type of word structure in recipient language | Potential homonymy (?) | Intolerance of recognizable loanwords; unilingualism of speaker | Social value of source language |
Grammatical | |||||
Transfer of morphemes | Slovak-German in Pressburg-u; Yiddish-English job-shmob | Congruent systems, much common vocabulary, relatively unbound morphemes, greater phonemic bulk | Non-congruent systems; complicated functions of morphemes | Affectiveness of categories | Loyalty to recipient language |
Transfer of grammatical relations | German-English I come soon home | Different relation patterns | Conflict with existing relations | Affectiveness of categories | Loyalty to recipient language |
Change in function of "indigenous" morpheme or category | German-English how long are you here? | Greater explicitness of model (usually) | --- | --- | Loyalty to recipient language |
Abandonment of obligatory categories | Loss of old French tense system in Creole | Very different grammatical systems | --- | Makeshift language | Loyalty to recipient language |
Integration of loanwords | English change into Amer. Portuguese chinjar | Homogeneous word structure in recipient language | --- | Intolerance of recognizable loanwords; unilingualism of speaker | Social value of source language |
Lexical | |||||
Lexical interference as such | --- | Structural weak points in recipient vocabulary, need to match differentiations in source language | Existence of adequate vocabulary | Lexical inadequacy in face of innovations; oblivion of infrequent words, need for synonyms, prestige of source language, stylistic effect of mixture | Loyalty to recipient language |
Outright transfer of words (rather than semantic extension) | German Telephon rather than Fernsprecher | Congenial form of word; possibility of polysemy (?) | Potential homonymy (?); uncongenial word form | Bilingualism of interlocutors | Loyalty to recipient language |
Phonic adjustment of cognates | Spanish /euˈropa/ into /juˈropa/ on English model | Economy of a single form | --- | --- | Loyalty to recipient language |
Specialized retention of an "indigenous" word after borrowing of an equivalent | French chose, retained and distinguished from cause | No confusion in semantemes | Elimination of superfluous terms | --- | --- |
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最終更新時間: 2024-10-26 09:48
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