hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2025-07-23

■ #5931. but の様々な用法 --- Kruisinga より [but][polysemy][conjunction][preposition][adverb][negation][polarity][negative]

　連日 but に注目している．この単語の様々な用法について．Kruisinga (II. 2, pp. 431--33) が5節にわたり紹介している．とりわけ関係代名詞的な用法や緩く副詞節を導く用法の扱いを取り上げている．

1509. But can be used in simple sentences, also as a coordinating conjunction, and as a subordinating conjunction to introduce a clause.
   In simple sentences the conjunction but is not easily to be distinguished from adverbs; it may express:
      (1) 'only', as in She is but a child.
      (2) 'except', as in They are all wrong but he. See also 974f.
      (3) 'than', after comparatives and similar words, as in There remains no more but to thank you for your courteous attention; It is nothing else but laziness.

1510. As a conjunction connecting sentences but may express a restriction of a preceding coordinate statement, as in You were right but you should not have said anything about it.
   As a subordinating conjunction but may introduce:
      (1) attributive clauses defining a noun in a negative sentence; the antecedent noun has the function of the subject of the clause.
         - Not a paper reaches us from Russia but contains an account of some new educational enterprise. (Times Ed. S. 29/5, '19.)
         - Few readers but will be astonished to find that the field should be so rich and wide. (Times Lit. 25/1, '18.)
         - There are few thinking people but realize the great war as the death-agony of an old order, the birth-travail of a new. (Times Lit. 10/9, '15.)
         - Colburn ... was too clever to need a magazine; not a living publisher but would have to yield to him in the gentle art of puffing. (ib. 20/4, '17.)
      (2) adverb and object clauses. These two kinds are here grouped together because a distinction is necessarily arbitrary and meaningless. The leading clause is always negative just as in the preceding case.
         - Justice was never done but someone complained.
         - Who knows but he may hear of it?

1511. When the negative noun that may be said to be defined by a but-clause is not the subject of the subordinate clause, the attributive character of the clause is so little marked that it may be interpreted as an adverb clause (a). The same can be said of attributive clauses when the noun is referred to by a personal pronoun as a subject of the clause (b).
      a. Scarcely a week passes but the association is consulted by private landowners or by public authorities.
      b. There was never a Samson so strong but he met his Delilah. (Hobbes, Emotions I ch. 4.)

1512. The subordinating character of but is sometimes emphasized by adding that; see 1492. It occurs:
   (1) in the sense of except that; compare 1509, 2.
      - Each would have done the same by the other but that they lacked the courage.
   (2) in a sense very similar to that of 1511.
      - He is not such a fool but that the can see that.
      - I do not think it possible but that some will agree with me.

1513. A less frequent group-conjunction is but what.
   - Not a mood of his but what found a ready sympathiser in Margaret; not a wish of his that she did not strive to forecast, and to fulfil. (Gaskell, North and South ch. 41 p. 364)
   - Not a soul in the auditorium or on the stage but what lived consummately during these minutes. (Bennett, Leonora ch. 6.)
   - Therefore we seldom took a walk together but what we were stoned by boys in the street. (Davies, Super-Tramp ch. 21 p. 181.)

　このような but の多様な用法を貫く原義や原理はあるのだろうか．いずれの用法にしても否定的な文脈で用いられているのが特徴的といえるが，この否定極性を別にすれば，共通する特徴を見出すのは容易ではない．

　・ Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.

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