hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2013-01-24

■ #1368. Fennell 版，英語史略年表 [timeline][history][historiography]

　「#777. 英語史略年表」 ([2011-06-13-1]) では，Crystal 版の英語史略年表を掲載したが，今回は Fennell 版を再現する．Fennell では各章の最初に対象となっている時代に関する年表が載せられており，以下はそれをほぼ忠実に編集したまでで，細かくは整理していない．Fennell の著書の題名から予想されるとおり，社会史的な側面が強く反映されている年表である．

8000 BC		Hunter groups move into Lapland
7000 BC		Wheat, barley and pulses cultivated from Anatolia to Pakistan; goats and pigs domesticated
7000 BC		Farming developed on Indian subcontinent; barley main crop
6500 BC		Adoption of farming in Balkan region; beginning of the European Neolithic spread of domestic animals, probably from Anatolia
6200 BC		Farming villages established in the west and central Mediterranean
5200 BC		First farmers of central Europe spread northwest as far as the Netherlands
4500 BC		Cattle used as plough animals in lower Danube region
4500 BC		First megalithic tombs built in western Europe
4400 BC		Domestication of horse on Eurasian Steppes
4200 BC		Earliest copper mines in eastern Europe
4200 BC		Agriculture begins south of the Ganges
3800 BC		Ditched enclosures around settlements in western Europe, forming defended villages
3500 BC		New faming practices: animals increasingly used for traction, wool and milk; simple plough (ard) now used in northern and western Europe
3250 BC		Earliest writing from western Mesopotamia: pictographic clay used for commercial accounts
3200 BC		First wheeled vehicles in Europe (found in Hungary)
3100 BC		Cuneiform script developed in Mesopotamia
3000 BC		Construction of walled citadels in Mediterranean Europe and development of successful metal industry
2900 BC		Appearance of Corded Ware pottery in northern Europe
2500 BC		Bell beakers found in western Europe, often associated with individual burials
2500 BC		Development of urban civilization in the Indian Plain
2500 BC		Earliest syllabic script used in Sumerian literature
2300 BC		Beginning of full European Bronze Age
2000 BC		Fortified settlements in east and central Europe point to increasing social and economic pressures
1900 BC		Cretan hieroglyphic writing
1850 BC		Horses used for the first time to pull light carts in the western Steppes
1650 BC		Linear A script (Crete and the Cyclades)
1650 BC		City-states of central Anatolia unified to form the Hittite kingdom with a strongly fortified capital at Boğazköy
1400 BC		Linear B script (mainland and islands of Greece)
1400 BC		Development of pastoral nomadism on the Steppes: cattle herded from horseback
1300 BC		Westward spread of urnfield cemeteries
1200 BC		Collapse of Hittite empire
1000 BC		Hillforts in Western Europe
1000 BC		Full nomadic economy on the Steppes based on rearing horses, cattle and sheep
850 BC		First settlement at Rome; cluster of huts on Palatine Hill
800 BC		Establishment of culture north and east of Alps --- first stage of Celtic Iron Age (Hallstatt)
800 BC		Rise of Etruscan city-states in central Italy
800 BC		Rise of cities and states in Ganges Valley supported by rice farming
750 BC		First Greek alphabetic inscription
750 BC		Ironworking spreads to Britain
750 BC		Earliest Greek colonies set up from western Mediterranean to the eastern shores of the Black Sea
690 BC		Etruscan script developed from Greek
600 BC		Trade between Celts north west of Alps and Greek colonies of the west Mediterranean; rich wagon burials attest to wealth and power of Celtic elite
600 BC		Latin script
600 BC		Central lowlands of northern Europe first settled
600 BC		First Greek coins
480 BC		2nd stage of European Bronze Age (La Tène)
480 BC		Emergence of classical period of Greek arts and architecture
480 BC		City-states reach height of importance
460 BC		Parchment replaces clay tablets for Aramaic administrative documents
450 BC		Athens, the greatest Greek city-state, reaches the peak of its power
400 BC		Carthage dominates the west Mediterranean
390 BC		Celts sack Rome
334 BC--329 BC		Alexander the Great invades Asia Minor, conquers Egypt and Persia and reaches India; Hellenism established in Asia
331 BC		Alexandria founded
250 BC		Brahmin alphabetic script in India
250 BC		All of peninsular Italy controlled by Rome
206 BC		Rome gains control of Spain
146 BC		Romans destroy the Greek states but Greek culture still important and Greek artists brought to Rome
146 BC		Roman destruction of Carthage
55 BC		Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain
27 BC		Augustus sole ruler of Roman empire
43--50		Emperor Claudius invades Britain
50		Rome largest city in the world --- population 1 million
117		Roman empire reaches its greatest extent
125		Hadrian's Wall built
285		Administrative separation of eastern and western halves of Roman empire
313		Edict of Milan: toleration of Christianity in Roman empire
330		Constantine founds Constantinople as new eastern capital of the Roman empire
410		Sack of Rome by Visigoths leading to collapse of western Roman empire
410		Romans withdraw from Britain
429		German (Vandal) kingdom in north Africa
449		Angles, Saxons and Jutes invade Britain
597		St Augustine introduces Christianity to the English
787		Scandinavian invasions begin
793		Sacking of Lindisfarne
878		King Alfred defeats the Danes at Eddington
878		Treaty of Wedmore
899		King Alfred dies
1016		Danish King Cnut rules England
1042		Accession of Edward the Confessor to the English throne
1066		Battle of Hastings; Norman Conquest
1095		First Crusade
1170		Assassination of Thomas à Becket
1204		King John loses lands in Normandy
1259--1265		The Barons' War
1337--1453		The Hundred Years War
1340--1400		Geoffrey Chaucer
1346		Battle of Crecy
1346		Battle of Poitiers
1348--1351		The Black Death
1362		Parliament opened in English
1362		The Statute of Pleading (English becomes the official language of legal proceedings)
1381		The Peasants' Revolt
1415		Battle of Agincourt
1476		Caxton introduces the printing press
1489		French no longer used as the language of Parliament
1509		Henry VIII ascends the throne
1534		Act of Supremacy
1536		Small monasteries dissolved
1536		Statute incorporates all of Wales with England
1539		English translation of Bible in every church
1547		Edward VI
1553		Mary Tudor
1554		Mary marries Philip of Spain
1558		Elizabeth I
1559		Act of Supremacy restores laws of Henry VIII
1574		First company of actors; theatre building begins
1577		Sir Francis Drake plunders west coast of South America
1584		Colonists at Roanoke
1600		British East India Company founded
1600		Population of England c.2.5 million
1603		James I
1605		Barbados, West Indies, claimed as English colony
1606		Virginia Company of London sends 120 colonists to Virginia
1607		Jamestown, Virginia, is established by London Co. as the first permanent English settlement in America
1611		King James Bible
1616		Death of Shakespeare
1620		The Pilgrims arrive at Plymouth Rock on the Mayflower
1621		English attempt to colonize Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
1625		Charles I
1627		Charles I grants charter to the Guiana Company
1633		English trading post established in Bengal
1637		English traders established in Canton
1639		English established at Madras
1642--1646		Civil War
1646		English occupy the Bahamas
1648		Second Civil War
1649		Cromwell invades Ireland
1649		Charles I beheaded
1649		Charles II
1649		Commonwealth established
1653		Cromwell becomes Lord Protector
1655		English capture Jamaica
1660		Charles II restored to throne
1663		Charles II grants charter to Royal African Company
1668		British East India Company gains control of Bombay
1670		English settlement in Charles Town, later Charleston, South Carolina
1680--1689		Welsh Quakers settle in large numbers in Pennsylvania
1680--1689		First German immigrants in America
1684		Bermudas become Crown Colony
1689		William and Mary proclaimed king and queen in England and Ireland
1690		Calcutta founded
1690		Population of England c.5 million
1700		Population of England and Scotland 7.5 million
1707		Union of England and Scotland as Great Britain
1707		British land in Acadia, Canada
1710		English South Sea Company founded
1727		George II
1729		North and South Carolina become Crown Colonies
1729		Benjamin and James Franklin publish 'The Pennsylvania Gazette'
1744		Robert Clive arrives at Madras
1756--1763		The French and Indian War in North America
1759		British take Quebec from the French
1760		George III
1762		British capture Martinique, Grenada, Havana and Manila
1765--1947		British Raj in India
1770		James Cook discovers Botany Bay, Australia
1774		Parliament passes the Stamp Act, unifying the colonies against the British
1775		The East India, or Tea, Act prompts the Boston Teat Party
1775--1783		American War of Independence
1776		American Declaration of Independence
1776		The Revolutionary War begins
1778		Cook discovers Hawaii
1783		The Treaty of Paris successfully ends the Revolution
1783		British recognize US independence
1784		Pitt's India Act: East India Company under government control
1786		Penang ceded to Great Britain
1789		George Washington inaugurated as first US President
1790		The first penal colony established in Sydney, Australia
1795, 1806		British forces occupy Cape of Good Hope
1800		British capture Malta
1803		The Louisiana Purchase doubles the size of US territory
1810		British seize Guadeloupe
1811		British occupy Java
1812--1814		War of 1812 between the USA and Britain
1819		Florida purchased by the USA from Spain
1819		British settlement established in Singapore by East India Company
1822		English becomes the official language of the Eastern Cape of South Africa
1822		Liberia founded --- Africa's oldest republic
1824		Erie Canal opens, strengthening east-west trade, but increasing the isolation of the south
1824		British take Rangoon, Burma
1828		The Baltimore and Ohio Railway opens
1832		Britain occupies the Falkland Islands
1837		Queen Victoria
1837		The electric telegraph demonstrated by Samuel Morse
1840		New Zealand becomes an official colony
1840		Penny post introduced in Britain
1842		Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain
1848		Gold discovered in California
1849		Gold Rush
1851		Victoria, Australia, proclaimed separate colony
1852		New constitution for New Zealand
1858		Powers of East India Company transferred to British Crown
1860		Kowloon added to British territories in South-East Asia
1861		Civil War begins with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter
1861		British Colony founded in Lagos, Nigeria
1863		Emancipation of the slaves is proclaimed, as of 1 January
1865		General Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox
1865		President Lincoln is assassinated, five days later
1867		Alaska is purchased from Russia, becoming the 49th state in 1959
1867		Federal Malay States become a Crown Colony
1869		The first transcontinental railroad is completed
1876		Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone
1877		Edison invents the phonograph
1878		David Hughes invents the microphone
1879		London opens its first telephone exchange
1884		Papua New Guinea becomes British protectorate
1885		Britain established protectorate over Northern Bechuanaland, Niger River Region and southern New Guinea, and occupies Port Hamilton, Korea
1886		First Indian National Congress meets
1887		First Colonial Conference opens in London
1888		Cecil Rhodes granted mining rights by King of Matabele
1890		Rhodes becomes Premier of Cape Colony
1893		Uganda united as British protectorate
1893		USA annexes Hawaii
1895		Marconi invents radiotelegraphy
1895		Auguste and Louis Lumière invent the motion-picture camera
1895		British South Africa Company territory south of the Zambezi River becomes Rhodesia
1898		America receives Guam and sovereignty over the Philippines
1898		New Territories leased by Britain from China for 99 years
1899		First magnetic sound recordings
1899--1902		Boer War
1900		R. A. Fessenden transmits the human voice via radio waves
1900		British capture Bloemfontein, relieve Mafeking, annex Orange Free State and Transvaal and take Pretoria and Johannesburg Commonwealth of Australia created
1901		Marconi transmits radiotelegraph messages from Cornwall to New Zealand
1901		End of Queen Victoria's reign
1903		Ford Motor Company founded
1903		Orville and Wilbur Wright make the first successful manned flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
1903		British conquer northern Nigeria
1907		New Zealand becomes a dominion within the British Empire
1908		Union of South Africa established
1908		Henry Ford introduces the mass-produced Model T
1914		Panama Canal opened
1914--1918		World War I
1916		USA purchases Danish West Indies (Virgin Islands)
1917		USA purchases Dutch West Indies
1919		League of Nations founded
1920		Gandhi emerges as leader of India
1920		Kenya becomes British colony
1921		British Broadcasting Corporation founded
1921		First Indian Parliament meets
1924		The National Origins Act marks the official end of large-scale immigration to America; from this point on numbers are restricted and quotas are introduced
1924		British Imperial Airways founded
1925		John Logie Baird transmits a picture of a human face via television
1928		John Logie Baird demonstrates first colour television
1929		Teleprinters and teletypewriters first used
1929		First scheduled TV broadcasts in Schernectedy, New York
1929		First talking pictures made
1936		BBC London television service begins
1938		Lajos Biró invents the ball-point pen
1939--1945		World War II
1942		First computer developed in the United States
1942		Magnetic recording tape invented
1944		First telegraph line used between Washington and Baltimore
1945		United Nations founded
1946		Chester Carlson invents Xerography
1946		Philippines become independent from the United States
1947		Transistor invented at Bell Laboratories
1947		India proclaimed independent
1948		Peter Goldmark invents the long-playing record
1951		Colour TV introduced into USA (15 million TV sets in USA)
1952		Accession of Queen Elizabeth II
1957		Common Market established by Treaty of Rome
1957		Malaysian independence
1958		First stereophonic recordings
1962--1975		Uganda, Kenya, Zambia (Northern Rhodesia), Malawi, Malta, Gambia, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Guyana, Mauritius, Nigeria, Bahamas, Papua New Guinea all become independent of Great Britain
1965		Atlantic cable completed
1968		Intelsar communication satellite launched
1989		South Africa desegregated
1997		Hong Kong rule returns to China

　・ Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
　・ Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.

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