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表音文字は音声を表わす.表意文字は意味を表わす.表語文字は語を表わす.定義そのものを述べているだけで,当たり前のように思われるかもしれない.しかし,実際にはそれぞれの文字種は,機能的に互いに乗り入れることも多く,さまざまな言語学的情報を伝えている.
音声学の観点から文字をみると,文字は発話の流れ,音声,異音を表わすことができる.音韻論的には,文字は音節,モーラ,子音や母音の分節音,そして超分節音を表わせる.形態論的には,文字は語,屈折,派生,形態音韻論的単位に対応し得る.統語論的には,文字は構成素構造や談話構造を伝える.語用論的には,文字は強調やポライトネスを表わすこともあり得る.文字が背負い得る言語学的情報は,ほかにも考えられるだろう.
Daniels (69) は,「言語学史としての文字史」と題する論考の結論で,今後の文字論においては,文字が表わし得る言語学的情報の種類に注目することが必要であると説く.
What emerges from this survey is the unsurprising conclusion that aspects of linguistic structure that are most salient to the language user---the most accessible to conscious control: words, syllables, discourse, emphasis---are the most likely to be taken into account in their orthographies. Other features have emerged more or less incidentally over the centuries, and have either been incorporated into common usage or have dropped out of fashion. Needed is investigation of the origin and persistence of all these features in all the world's orthographies (vs the prevailing concentration on the evolution of the shapes of characters and beyond the recent attention to the acquisition of orthographies). It may show that imposition of script reform outside the context of adoption or adaptation of a script to a new language is an otiose and even futile exercise. The twin examples of Sassanian conservatism and Turkish innovation reveal that only in extraordinary circumstances can either of these extremes succeed. In every case, a writing system must be understood through the pens of those who write it.
これからの文字論のあり方に示唆を与えてくれる重要な洞察だ.
・ Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.
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