timeline / hellog～英語史ブログ

最終更新時間: 2025-01-22 08:04

2013-01-24 Thu

■ #1368. Fennell 版，英語史略年表 [timeline][history][historiography]

　「#777. 英語史略年表」 ([2011-06-13-1]) では，Crystal 版の英語史略年表を掲載したが，今回は Fennell 版を再現する．Fennell では各章の最初に対象となっている時代に関する年表が載せられており，以下はそれをほぼ忠実に編集したまでで，細かくは整理していない．Fennell の著書の題名から予想されるとおり，社会史的な側面が強く反映されている年表である．

8000 BC     Hunter groups move into Lapland

7000 BC     Wheat, barley and pulses cultivated from Anatolia to Pakistan; goats and pigs domesticated

7000 BC     Farming developed on Indian subcontinent; barley main crop

6500 BC     Adoption of farming in Balkan region; beginning of the European Neolithic spread of domestic animals, probably from Anatolia

6200 BC     Farming villages established in the west and central Mediterranean

5200 BC     First farmers of central Europe spread northwest as far as the Netherlands

4500 BC     Cattle used as plough animals in lower Danube region

4500 BC     First megalithic tombs built in western Europe

4400 BC     Domestication of horse on Eurasian Steppes

4200 BC     Earliest copper mines in eastern Europe

4200 BC     Agriculture begins south of the Ganges

3800 BC     Ditched enclosures around settlements in western Europe, forming defended villages

3500 BC     New faming practices: animals increasingly used for traction, wool and milk; simple plough (ard) now used in northern and western Europe

3250 BC     Earliest writing from western Mesopotamia: pictographic clay used for commercial accounts

3200 BC     First wheeled vehicles in Europe (found in Hungary)

3100 BC     Cuneiform script developed in Mesopotamia

3000 BC     Construction of walled citadels in Mediterranean Europe and development of successful metal industry

2900 BC     Appearance of Corded Ware pottery in northern Europe

2500 BC     Bell beakers found in western Europe, often associated with individual burials

2500 BC     Development of urban civilization in the Indian Plain

2500 BC     Earliest syllabic script used in Sumerian literature

2300 BC     Beginning of full European Bronze Age

2000 BC     Fortified settlements in east and central Europe point to increasing social and economic pressures

1900 BC     Cretan hieroglyphic writing

1850 BC     Horses used for the first time to pull light carts in the western Steppes

1650 BC     Linear A script (Crete and the Cyclades)

1650 BC     City-states of central Anatolia unified to form the Hittite kingdom with a strongly fortified capital at Boğazköy

1400 BC     Linear B script (mainland and islands of Greece)

1400 BC     Development of pastoral nomadism on the Steppes: cattle herded from horseback

1300 BC     Westward spread of urnfield cemeteries

1200 BC     Collapse of Hittite empire

1000 BC     Hillforts in Western Europe

1000 BC     Full nomadic economy on the Steppes based on rearing horses, cattle and sheep

850 BC     First settlement at Rome; cluster of huts on Palatine Hill

800 BC     Establishment of culture north and east of Alps --- first stage of Celtic Iron Age (Hallstatt)

800 BC     Rise of Etruscan city-states in central Italy

800 BC     Rise of cities and states in Ganges Valley supported by rice farming

750 BC     First Greek alphabetic inscription

750 BC     Ironworking spreads to Britain

750 BC     Earliest Greek colonies set up from western Mediterranean to the eastern shores of the Black Sea

690 BC     Etruscan script developed from Greek

600 BC     Trade between Celts north west of Alps and Greek colonies of the west Mediterranean; rich wagon burials attest to wealth and power of Celtic elite

600 BC     Latin script

600 BC     Central lowlands of northern Europe first settled

600 BC     First Greek coins

480 BC     2nd stage of European Bronze Age (La Tène)

480 BC     Emergence of classical period of Greek arts and architecture

480 BC     City-states reach height of importance

460 BC     Parchment replaces clay tablets for Aramaic administrative documents

450 BC     Athens, the greatest Greek city-state, reaches the peak of its power

400 BC     Carthage dominates the west Mediterranean

390 BC     Celts sack Rome

334 BC--329 BC     Alexander the Great invades Asia Minor, conquers Egypt and Persia and reaches India; Hellenism established in Asia

331 BC     Alexandria founded

250 BC     Brahmin alphabetic script in India

250 BC     All of peninsular Italy controlled by Rome

206 BC     Rome gains control of Spain

146 BC     Romans destroy the Greek states but Greek culture still important and Greek artists brought to Rome

146 BC     Roman destruction of Carthage

55 BC     Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain

27 BC     Augustus sole ruler of Roman empire

43--50     Emperor Claudius invades Britain

50     Rome largest city in the world --- population 1 million

117     Roman empire reaches its greatest extent

125     Hadrian's Wall built

285     Administrative separation of eastern and western halves of Roman empire

313     Edict of Milan: toleration of Christianity in Roman empire

330     Constantine founds Constantinople as new eastern capital of the Roman empire

410     Sack of Rome by Visigoths leading to collapse of western Roman empire

410     Romans withdraw from Britain

429     German (Vandal) kingdom in north Africa

449     Angles, Saxons and Jutes invade Britain

597     St Augustine introduces Christianity to the English

787     Scandinavian invasions begin

793     Sacking of Lindisfarne

878     King Alfred defeats the Danes at Eddington

878     Treaty of Wedmore

899     King Alfred dies

1016     Danish King Cnut rules England

1042     Accession of Edward the Confessor to the English throne

1066     Battle of Hastings; Norman Conquest

1095     First Crusade

1170     Assassination of Thomas à Becket

1204     King John loses lands in Normandy

1259--1265     The Barons' War

1337--1453     The Hundred Years War

1340--1400     Geoffrey Chaucer

1346     Battle of Crecy

1346     Battle of Poitiers

1348--1351     The Black Death

1362     Parliament opened in English

1362     The Statute of Pleading (English becomes the official language of legal proceedings)

1381     The Peasants' Revolt

1415     Battle of Agincourt

1476     Caxton introduces the printing press

1489     French no longer used as the language of Parliament

1509     Henry VIII ascends the throne

1534     Act of Supremacy

1536     Small monasteries dissolved

1536     Statute incorporates all of Wales with England

1539     English translation of Bible in every church

1547     Edward VI

1553     Mary Tudor

1554     Mary marries Philip of Spain

1558     Elizabeth I

1559     Act of Supremacy restores laws of Henry VIII

1574     First company of actors; theatre building begins

1577     Sir Francis Drake plunders west coast of South America

1584     Colonists at Roanoke

1600     British East India Company founded

1600     Population of England c.2.5 million

1603     James I

1605     Barbados, West Indies, claimed as English colony

1606     Virginia Company of London sends 120 colonists to Virginia

1607     Jamestown, Virginia, is established by London Co. as the first permanent English settlement in America

1611     King James Bible

1616     Death of Shakespeare

1620     The Pilgrims arrive at Plymouth Rock on the Mayflower

1621     English attempt to colonize Newfoundland and Nova Scotia

1625     Charles I

1627     Charles I grants charter to the Guiana Company

1633     English trading post established in Bengal

1637     English traders established in Canton

1639     English established at Madras

1642--1646     Civil War

1646     English occupy the Bahamas

1648     Second Civil War

1649     Cromwell invades Ireland

1649     Charles I beheaded

1649     Charles II

1649     Commonwealth established

1653     Cromwell becomes Lord Protector

1655     English capture Jamaica

1660     Charles II restored to throne

1663     Charles II grants charter to Royal African Company

1668     British East India Company gains control of Bombay

1670     English settlement in Charles Town, later Charleston, South Carolina

1680--1689     Welsh Quakers settle in large numbers in Pennsylvania

1680--1689     First German immigrants in America

1684     Bermudas become Crown Colony

1689     William and Mary proclaimed king and queen in England and Ireland

1690     Calcutta founded

1690     Population of England c.5 million

1700     Population of England and Scotland 7.5 million

1707     Union of England and Scotland as Great Britain

1707     British land in Acadia, Canada

1710     English South Sea Company founded

1727     George II

1729     North and South Carolina become Crown Colonies

1729     Benjamin and James Franklin publish 'The Pennsylvania Gazette'

1744     Robert Clive arrives at Madras

1756--1763     The French and Indian War in North America

1759     British take Quebec from the French

1760     George III

1762     British capture Martinique, Grenada, Havana and Manila

1765--1947     British Raj in India

1770     James Cook discovers Botany Bay, Australia

1774     Parliament passes the Stamp Act, unifying the colonies against the British

1775     The East India, or Tea, Act prompts the Boston Teat Party

1775--1783     American War of Independence

1776     American Declaration of Independence

1776     The Revolutionary War begins

1778     Cook discovers Hawaii

1783     The Treaty of Paris successfully ends the Revolution

1783     British recognize US independence

1784     Pitt's India Act: East India Company under government control

1786     Penang ceded to Great Britain

1789     George Washington inaugurated as first US President

1790     The first penal colony established in Sydney, Australia

1795, 1806     British forces occupy Cape of Good Hope

1800     British capture Malta

1803     The Louisiana Purchase doubles the size of US territory

1810     British seize Guadeloupe

1811     British occupy Java

1812--1814     War of 1812 between the USA and Britain

1819     Florida purchased by the USA from Spain

1819     British settlement established in Singapore by East India Company

1822     English becomes the official language of the Eastern Cape of South Africa

1822     Liberia founded --- Africa's oldest republic

1824     Erie Canal opens, strengthening east-west trade, but increasing the isolation of the south

1824     British take Rangoon, Burma

1828     The Baltimore and Ohio Railway opens

1832     Britain occupies the Falkland Islands

1837     Queen Victoria

1837     The electric telegraph demonstrated by Samuel Morse

1840     New Zealand becomes an official colony

1840     Penny post introduced in Britain

1842     Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain

1848     Gold discovered in California

1849     Gold Rush

1851     Victoria, Australia, proclaimed separate colony

1852     New constitution for New Zealand

1858     Powers of East India Company transferred to British Crown

1860     Kowloon added to British territories in South-East Asia

1861     Civil War begins with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter

1861     British Colony founded in Lagos, Nigeria

1863     Emancipation of the slaves is proclaimed, as of 1 January

1865     General Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox

1865     President Lincoln is assassinated, five days later

1867     Alaska is purchased from Russia, becoming the 49th state in 1959

1867     Federal Malay States become a Crown Colony

1869     The first transcontinental railroad is completed

1876     Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone

1877     Edison invents the phonograph

1878     David Hughes invents the microphone

1879     London opens its first telephone exchange

1884     Papua New Guinea becomes British protectorate

1885     Britain established protectorate over Northern Bechuanaland, Niger River Region and southern New Guinea, and occupies Port Hamilton, Korea

1886     First Indian National Congress meets

1887     First Colonial Conference opens in London

1888     Cecil Rhodes granted mining rights by King of Matabele

1890     Rhodes becomes Premier of Cape Colony

1893     Uganda united as British protectorate

1893     USA annexes Hawaii

1895     Marconi invents radiotelegraphy

1895     Auguste and Louis Lumière invent the motion-picture camera

1895     British South Africa Company territory south of the Zambezi River becomes Rhodesia

1898     America receives Guam and sovereignty over the Philippines

1898     New Territories leased by Britain from China for 99 years

1899     First magnetic sound recordings

1899--1902     Boer War

1900     R. A. Fessenden transmits the human voice via radio waves

1900     British capture Bloemfontein, relieve Mafeking, annex Orange Free State and Transvaal and take Pretoria and Johannesburg Commonwealth of Australia created

1901     Marconi transmits radiotelegraph messages from Cornwall to New Zealand

1901     End of Queen Victoria's reign

1903     Ford Motor Company founded

1903     Orville and Wilbur Wright make the first successful manned flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

1903     British conquer northern Nigeria

1907     New Zealand becomes a dominion within the British Empire

1908     Union of South Africa established

1908     Henry Ford introduces the mass-produced Model T

1914     Panama Canal opened

1914--1918     World War I

1916     USA purchases Danish West Indies (Virgin Islands)

1917     USA purchases Dutch West Indies

1919     League of Nations founded

1920     Gandhi emerges as leader of India

1920     Kenya becomes British colony

1921     British Broadcasting Corporation founded

1921     First Indian Parliament meets

1924     The National Origins Act marks the official end of large-scale immigration to America; from this point on numbers are restricted and quotas are introduced

1924     British Imperial Airways founded

1925     John Logie Baird transmits a picture of a human face via television

1928     John Logie Baird demonstrates first colour television

1929     Teleprinters and teletypewriters first used

1929     First scheduled TV broadcasts in Schernectedy, New York

1929     First talking pictures made

1936     BBC London television service begins

1938     Lajos Biró invents the ball-point pen

1939--1945     World War II

1942     First computer developed in the United States

1942     Magnetic recording tape invented

1944     First telegraph line used between Washington and Baltimore

1945     United Nations founded

1946     Chester Carlson invents Xerography

1946     Philippines become independent from the United States

1947     Transistor invented at Bell Laboratories

1947     India proclaimed independent

1948     Peter Goldmark invents the long-playing record

1951     Colour TV introduced into USA (15 million TV sets in USA)

1952     Accession of Queen Elizabeth II

1957     Common Market established by Treaty of Rome

1957     Malaysian independence

1958     First stereophonic recordings

1962--1975     Uganda, Kenya, Zambia (Northern Rhodesia), Malawi, Malta, Gambia, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Guyana, Mauritius, Nigeria, Bahamas, Papua New Guinea all become independent of Great Britain

1965     Atlantic cable completed

1968     Intelsar communication satellite launched

1989     South Africa desegregated

1997     Hong Kong rule returns to China

　・ Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
　・ Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-05-05-1] [2013-12-22-1] [2013-12-21-1] [2013-02-02-1] [2013-01-25-1]

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2012-12-20 Thu

■ #1333. 中英語で受動態の動作主に用いられた前置詞 [preposition][passive][timeline]

　中英語で動作主を示すのに用いられた前置詞には，by, from, mid, of, with があった．すべてが同じような頻度で用いられていたわけではなく，時代により盛衰が見られた．
　古英語では，主として from が，またしばしば of が動作主を表わすのに用いられていた．このうち from は14世紀まで使用されたが，後に廃れていった．一方，of は古英語の終わりから中英語にかけて著しく伸張し，1600年辺りまでは最も広く用いられた．次に現代英語に連なる by をみてみると，動作主を示す用法は，古英語でもそれらしき例があったと指摘されてはいるが，はっきりしない（下の Mustanoja からの3番目の引用を参照）．動作主の by が中英語で例証されるようになるのは14世紀終わりからであり，15--16世紀にかけて拡大し，of と肩を並べるほどになる．そのほか，動作主の前置詞としてはそれほど目立たないが，13世紀より文証される with や初期中英語で散見される mid の例もある．
　それぞれが廃用になった時期や各時代の相対頻度などの詳細は未調査だが，大雑把に時系列に並べてみると次のようになるだろう．

       1000      1100      1200      1300      1400      1500      1600      1700
from :************************************** - - -
of   :*************************************************************** - - -
bi   : - - -                                    *******************************
with :                        - - *** - -
mid  :                   - - *** - -

　Mustanoja より，各前置詞の関連する記述箇所を引用しておこう．

From its function to indicate a person as a source of an action, first as a giver or sender, from develops into a preposition of agency in OE. In this function it occurs down to the 14th century: --- he wæs gehalgod to biscop fram þone ærcebiscop Willelm of Cantwarabyri (OE Chron. an. 1129); --- I . . . am sett king from hym upon Sion (Wyclif Ps. ii 6; am maad of hym a kyng, Purvey). (385--86)

To express agency of is used less frequently than from in OE, but it begins to gain ground towards the end of this period and becomes the most popular preposition expressing agency in connection with a passive verb down to c 1600. It is possible that this use of of has been promoted by the influence of OF de. Examples: --- ich wolde þet heo weren of alle alse heo beoþ of ou iholden (Ancr. 21); --- is alle biset of helle muchares (Ancr. 67); --- if he wolde be slayn of Symkyn (Ch. CT A Rv. 3959); --- enformed whan the kyng was of that knyght (Ch. CT F Sq. 335). (397) 　

Wülfing II, p. 338, quotes a doubtful OE instance of be denoting agency with a passive verb, and R. Gottweiss (Anglia XXVIII, 1905, 353--4) calls attention to what he calls 'signs of the use of be with the passive' in Ælfric's homilies. BTS, be 20, quotes an example from the OE Gospel of St Luke (þa þing þe be him wærun gewordene 'quae febant ab eo,' ix 7). Cf. active cases like þat was agan þære bi þan kaisere (Lawman A 27982). Unambiguous ME instances where by indicates the agent of a passive verb occur from the end of the 14th century on (I praye Jhesu shorte hir lyves That wol nat be governed by hir wyves, Ch. CT D WB 1262; --- ne hadde he ben holpen by the steede of brass, Ch. CT F Sq. 666). This use becomes increasingly common in the 15th and 16th centuries. In the Cloud (MSS of the early 15th---early 16th century) of is a little more frequently used to denote agency than by. It may be assumed that the use of by to indicate the agent of a passive expression is promoted by the influence of French par. (374--75)

With begins to occur as a preposition of agency in the 13th century: --- heder was þat mayde brouȝt With marchaundes þat hur had bouȝt (Flor. & Bl. 408); --- he was with þe prestes shrive (Havelok 2489); --- and with twenty knyghtes take, O persone allone, withouten mo (Ch. CT A Kn. 2724). (420)

. . . instrumental mid is occasionally used to express agency in early ME: --- a lefdi was þet was mid hire voan biset at abuten (Ancr. 177). (394)

　・ Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-08-04-1] [2015-07-14-1] [2013-01-07-1] [2013-01-06-1]

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2012-11-02 Fri

■ #1285. FLASHで英語史略年表 [timeline][history][flash][web_service][world_languages][loan_word][link]

　マンチェスター大学の発信する，子供向け教育コンテンツを用意しているこちらのサイトのなかに，Timeline of English Language なるFLASHコンテンツを発見した．粗い英語史年表で，あくまで導入的な目的での使用を念頭に置いたものだが，話の種には使えるかもしれないので紹介しておく．
　言語に関する他のコンテンツへのリンクは，こちらにある．次のものなどは，結構おもしろい．

　・ World Language Map
　・ Borrowing Game

　簡易年表ということでいえば，A brief chronology of English なるものを見つけた．本ブログ内では，timeline を参照．

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2011-06-13 Mon

■ #777. 英語史略年表 [timeline][history][historiography]

　英語史年表は，どの概説書にも記載があるしオンラインでも見つけられる（例えば英語の歴史年表―前史・古英語期）が，本ブログとしての版も作成してゆこうと考えている．たたき台として，Crystal (298--300) の略年表を再現したものを掲げておく．その他，直接間接に英語史に関連する年表は timeline を参照．

449     Invasion by Angles, Saxons, and Jutes

450--480     Earliest runic inscriptions in Old English

597     Augustine brings Christianity to Kent

680     Approximate earliest date for the composition of Beowulf

700     Approximate dating of earliest Old English manuscripts

735     Death of the Venerable Bede

787     Viking raids begin

871     Alfred becomes King of Wessex

886     Danelaw boundaries settled

950--1000     Approximate dates of the main Old English poetry collections

1016--1042     Cnut and his sons reign

1066     Norman Conquest

1150--1200     Earliest texts in Middle English

1171     Henry II's invasion of Ireland

1204     France reconquers Normandy

1250--1300     Edward I's campaigns against the Welsh and Scots

1362     English first used at the opening of Parliament

1375--1400     Chaucer's main works written

1384     Wyclif's translation of the Bible

1400--1450     The Great Vowel Shift

1400--1600     Main period of older Scots literature

1476     Introduction of printing

1475--1650     Renaissance loan words into English

1549     Book of Common Prayer written

1560--1620     English plantation settlements in Ireland

1584     Roanoke settlement in America

1590--1616     Shakespeare's main works written

1600     East India Company established trading posts in India

1603     Act of Union of the crowns of England and Scotland

1604     Publication of Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall

1607     First permanent English settlement in America

1609     First English settlement in the Caribbean

1611     Authorized Version of the Bible

1619     Arrival of first African slaves in North America

1620     Arrival of the Pilgrim Fathers in America

1623     First Folio of Shakespeare's plays published

1627     British established in Barbados

1655     British acquire Jamaica from Spain

1707     Union of the Parliaments of England and Scotland

1712     Jonathan Swift's proposal for an English Academy

1713     British control in eastern Canada recognized

1721     Publication of Nathaniel Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary

1755     Publication of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language

1762     Publication of Robert Lowth's Short Introduction to English Grammar

1765--1947     British Raj in India

1776     American independence declared

1780--1800     First wave of emigration to Canada from the USA

1783     Loss of American colonies of Britain

1788     Establishment of first penal colony in Australia

1791     Establishment of Upper and Lower Canada

1794     Publication of Lindley Murray's English Grammar

1800--1910     Main period of European emigration to the USA

1802     Ceylon and Trinidad ceded to Britain

1803     Act of Union between Britain and Ireland

1806     British control established in South Africa

1808     Sierra Leone made colony

1814     Tobago, Mauritius, St Lucia and Malta ceded to Britain

1816     Colony of Bathurst (Gambia) established

1819     British established Singapore

1828     Publication of Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language

1840     Official colony established in New Zealand

1842     Hong Kong ceded to Britain

1861     Lagos (Nigeria) established as colony

1865--1900     Movement of blacks to northern parts of the USA after the American Civil War

1867     Independence of Canada

1874     Gold Coast (Ghana) established as colony

1884--1928     Publication of the Oxford English Dictionary

1888--1894     British protectorates established in Kenya, Zanzibar, Uganda

1901     Independence of Australia

1907     Independence of New Zealand

1910     Union of South Africa established

1919     Tanganyika ceded to Britain

1922     Partition of Northern Ireland and Eire

1922     Establishment of the BBC

1925     Afrikaans given official status in South Africa

1931     British Commonwealth recognized

1947     Independence of India

1948     Independence of Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

1957     Independence of Ghana

1957--63     Independence of Malaysia

1960     Independence of Nigeria

1940--1975     Main period of immigration to Britain from Europe, Caribbean and Asia

1961     Independence of Sierra Leone and Cyprus

1962     Independence of Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda

1963     Independence of Kenya

1964     Independence of Tanzania, Malawi, Malta, Zambia

1965     Independence of The Gambia, Singapore

1966     Independence of Guyana, Botswana, Lesotho, Barbados

1968     Independence of Mauritius, Swaziland, Nauru

1970--1984     Independence of possessions in Caribbean and Pacific

1972     Independence of Bangladesh

1972     First network e-mail sent

1975     Independence of Papua New Guinea

1977     Voyager spacecraft leaves with English message

1984     Independence of Brunei

1986     Independence of Marshall Islands

1988     CD-ROM of the Oxford English Dictionary

1990     Independence of Namibia

1991     Independence of the Federated States of Micronesia

1991     Implementation of the World Wide Web

1994     Independence of Palau

2000     Oxford English Dictionary goes online

　・ Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
　・寺澤芳雄，川崎潔　編　『英語史総合年表?英語史・英語学史・英米文学史・外面史?』　研究社，1993年．

Referrer (Inside): [2015-10-11-1] [2015-06-03-1] [2013-02-02-1] [2013-01-24-1]

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2011-05-18 Wed

■ #751. 地球46億年のあゆみのなかでの人類と言語 [timeline][writing][homo_sapiens][anthropology][origin_of_language][grammatology]

　[2009-06-08-1]の記事「言語と文字の歴史は浅い」では，人類のあゆみにおいて言語の歴史がいかに浅いかを示した．今回は，タイムスパンを地質学的次元にまで引き延ばし，地球のあゆみ46億年における人類と言語の歴史の浅さを強調したい．直感でとらえられるように，46億年を1年間というスケールに縮めて表現してみた．
　1秒は約146年に相当する．大晦日は黄色表示にし，秒単位まで示した．人類の誕生は600万年前，ホモサピエンスの誕生は20万年前，言語の発生は10万年前とする説をもとに計算してある．より詳しい表はこのページのHTMLソースを参照．

月日（時分秒）出来事

01/01 太陽と地球が生まれる

01/08 月ができる

01/16 海ができる

02/17 -- 03/04 巨大ないん石が地球に落ちて海が蒸発，その後ふたたび海ができる

03/04 最古の生命があらわれる

05/30 ???????????????????????í?????????????????

06/24 -- 07/09 この間のどこかで，大規模な氷河時代

07/17 真核生物（細胞の中の遺伝子が膜で包まれている生物）が登場

08/02 ヌーナ超大陸ができる

09/27 多細胞生物が発展

09/27 -- 10/29 ロディニア超大陸の時代

10/30 -- 11/13 この間のどこかで，大規模な氷河時代

11/14 エディアカラ生物群が登場

11/19 無せきつい動物の種類が爆発的に増える

11/25 -- 11/27 植物の上陸

11/30 昆虫が登場

12/11 ペルム期末期の大量絶滅

12/15 -- 12/26 恐竜の繁栄

12/26 白亜紀末期の大量絶滅

12/31 12:34:26 人類の誕生

12/31 23:37:08 ホモサピエンスの誕生

12/31 23:48:34 言語の発生

12/31 23:58:03 ラスコーの壁画

12/31 23:59:18 印欧祖語の時代

12/31 23:59:22 インダス文字の起源

12/31 23:59:23 エジプト文字の起源

12/31 23:59:25 メソポタミア文字の起源

12/31 23:59:36 漢字，ヒッタイト文字の起源

12/31 23:59:42 マヤ文字，古代ペルシャ文字の起源

12/31 23:59:44 古代インド文字の起源

12/31 23:59:48 英語の起源

12/31 23:59:56 近代英語の始まり

　言語の登場は，大晦日の夜11時48分34秒．英語が世界進出の兆しを示した近代英語期の幕開けは年越しの4秒前のことである．英語史や英語の未来を語るといっても，地球の歴史ではせいぜい数秒のことなのだなと実感．
　小学館の図鑑『地球』で「地球のあゆみをふりかえる」 (8--9) を眺めていて，この中に言語の歴史を入れたらどうなるかと戯れにこの年表を作ってみたにすぎないのだが，結果として考えさせられる教訓的な年表となった．

　・丸山茂徳他（監修）　『地球』　小学館の図鑑 NEO 第10巻，小学館，2007年．

月日（時分秒）	出来事
01/01	太陽と地球が生まれる
01/08	月ができる
01/16	海ができる
02/17 -- 03/04	巨大ないん石が地球に落ちて海が蒸発，その後ふたたび海ができる
03/04	最古の生命があらわれる
05/30	???????????????????????í?????????????????
06/24 -- 07/09	この間のどこかで，大規模な氷河時代
07/17	真核生物（細胞の中の遺伝子が膜で包まれている生物）が登場
08/02	ヌーナ超大陸ができる
09/27	多細胞生物が発展
09/27 -- 10/29	ロディニア超大陸の時代
10/30 -- 11/13	この間のどこかで，大規模な氷河時代
11/14	エディアカラ生物群が登場
11/19	無せきつい動物の種類が爆発的に増える
11/25 -- 11/27	植物の上陸
11/30	昆虫が登場
12/11	ペルム期末期の大量絶滅
12/15 -- 12/26	恐竜の繁栄
12/26	白亜紀末期の大量絶滅
12/31 12:34:26	人類の誕生
12/31 23:37:08	ホモサピエンスの誕生
12/31 23:48:34	言語の発生
12/31 23:58:03	ラスコーの壁画
12/31 23:59:18	印欧祖語の時代
12/31 23:59:22	インダス文字の起源
12/31 23:59:23	エジプト文字の起源
12/31 23:59:25	メソポタミア文字の起源
12/31 23:59:36	漢字，ヒッタイト文字の起源
12/31 23:59:42	マヤ文字，古代ペルシャ文字の起源
12/31 23:59:44	古代インド文字の起源
12/31 23:59:48	英語の起源
12/31 23:59:56	近代英語の始まり

Referrer (Inside): [2019-03-31-1] [2017-02-02-1] [2017-02-01-1] [2014-05-05-1] [2014-02-15-1] [2013-07-19-1]

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2009-09-05 Sat

■ #131. 英語の復権 [me][history][reestablishment_of_english][timeline][monarch]

　ノルマン人の征服 ( Norman Conquest ) 以降，中英語の前半は，イングランドはフランス語の支配に屈していた．庶民の言語である英語はいわば地下に潜っていたが，13世紀辺りから徐々に英語の復活劇が始まる．だが，フランス語支配の時代に蓄えられた多くの遺産をすべてひっくり返すには，相当な時間とエネルギーが必要だった．例えば，法的文書の英語義務化は18世紀になってようやく施行された．英語の復権は，実に長い道のりだったわけである．
　以下の年表は，英語の復権に関連する出来事に絞ってまとめた年表である．

1066年ノルマン人の征服

12--13世紀英語の文学作品などが現れ始める（ Layamon's Brut, The Owl and the Nightingale, Ancrene Wisse, etc. ）

1258年 Simon de Monfort の反乱（政府機関へのフランス人の登用に対する抗議．英語の回復も強く要求される．その結果，Henry III は布行政改革の宣言書をラテン語，フランス語だけでなく英語でも出すこととなった．）

1272年 Edward I がイングランド王として初めて英語を使用する

1337年 Edward III，フランスの王位継承権を主張し百年戦争が始まる（ ? 1453年）

1348--50年最初のペストの流行（ 1361--62, 1369, 1375年にも流行．黒死病については[2009-08-24-1]を参照．）

1350年代 Higden's Polychronicon で，上流貴族の子弟にとってもすでに英語が母語となっていたことが示唆される

1356年地方裁判所の記録が英語になる

1362年議会の開会が英語で宣言される

1363年法廷での使用言語が英語となる (ただし，記録はラテン語)

1380年代ロンドンのギルドが記録に英語を使い始める

1381年 Peasants' Revolt

1384年ロンドンのシティーが英語で布告を出す

1399年英語を母語とする最初の王 Henry IV 即位

1414年 Henry V がイングランド王として初めて英語で手紙を書く（政府内でも英語の使用が奨励される）

1422年ロンドンの醸造業者が手続きをラテン語から英語にする

1453年百年戦争の終結

1488年英語が法的文書の書き言葉として認められる

1539年 Great Bible が王により初めて公認される（保守的な宗教の世界でも英語の使用が認められるようになる）

1628年英語で書かれた最初の法典が編纂される

1731年法的文書が英語でなければならなくなる

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-16-1] [2018-10-28-1] [2018-09-21-1] [2018-03-12-1] [2017-10-18-1] [2017-02-25-1] [2015-09-13-1] [2014-04-22-1] [2012-08-16-1] [2012-08-14-1] [2012-08-13-1] [2011-04-03-1] [2010-03-17-1] [2010-03-11-1] [2009-09-12-1]

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2009-06-08 Mon

■ #41. 言語と文字の歴史は浅い [timeline][writing][homo_sapiens][anthropology][origin_of_language][grammatology]

　数百万年に及ぶ人類の歴史の中では，言語の発生はかなり最近のことであるし，文字の発生はさらに最近である．
　約50万年前に Homo erectus から Homo sapiens が分かれたが，頭蓋骨の形状から，彼らは言語を話さなかったようだ．約10万年前から，頭蓋骨の形状が現代の我々のものに類似してきたようで，恐らく言語の発生もこのくらいだろうと考えられる．一方，文字の発生は，現在確認されている最も古いもので，ようやく5500年ほどを遡れるくらいである．
　上記の人類史の観点から，主だった古代文字の年代を時系列に整理してみよう．

出来事約?年前

人類の発生 5,000,000?

Homo erectus の発生 2,000,000

Homo sapiens の発生 500,000

言語の発生 100,000

インダス文字の起源 5,500

エジプト文字の起源 5,300

メソポタミア文字の起源 5,100

漢字の起源 3,500

ヒッタイト文字の起源 3,500

マヤ文字の起源 2,500

古代ペルシャ文字の起源 2,500

古代インド文字の起源 2,250

以下の円グラフは，Homo sapiens の歴史50万年における言語と文字の歴史の長さの割合を示したものである．文字の歴史は何とも浅い．

Timeline of Human Language and Writing

出来事	約?年前
人類の発生	5,000,000?
Homo erectus の発生	2,000,000
Homo sapiens の発生	500,000
言語の発生	100,000
インダス文字の起源	5,500
エジプト文字の起源	5,300
メソポタミア文字の起源	5,100
漢字の起源	3,500
ヒッタイト文字の起源	3,500
マヤ文字の起源	2,500
古代ペルシャ文字の起源	2,500
古代インド文字の起源	2,250

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-29-1] [2016-01-08-1] [2014-05-05-1] [2014-04-23-1] [2014-02-15-1] [2013-07-19-1] [2012-10-25-1] [2011-08-25-1] [2011-05-18-1] [2011-05-15-1] [2010-06-23-1] [2009-12-14-1] [2009-10-04-1]

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2009-05-16 Sat

■ #18. 英語史をオンラインで学習できるサイト [link][timeline][hel_education]

　今回はちょっとしたサイトの紹介だけ．BBC の Ages of English Timeline は，FLASH により遊び感覚で英語史の要点を学べる．

Referrer (Inside): [2016-10-19-1] [2013-02-03-1]

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8000 BC		Hunter groups move into Lapland
7000 BC		Wheat, barley and pulses cultivated from Anatolia to Pakistan; goats and pigs domesticated
7000 BC		Farming developed on Indian subcontinent; barley main crop
6500 BC		Adoption of farming in Balkan region; beginning of the European Neolithic spread of domestic animals, probably from Anatolia
6200 BC		Farming villages established in the west and central Mediterranean
5200 BC		First farmers of central Europe spread northwest as far as the Netherlands
4500 BC		Cattle used as plough animals in lower Danube region
4500 BC		First megalithic tombs built in western Europe
4400 BC		Domestication of horse on Eurasian Steppes
4200 BC		Earliest copper mines in eastern Europe
4200 BC		Agriculture begins south of the Ganges
3800 BC		Ditched enclosures around settlements in western Europe, forming defended villages
3500 BC		New faming practices: animals increasingly used for traction, wool and milk; simple plough (ard) now used in northern and western Europe
3250 BC		Earliest writing from western Mesopotamia: pictographic clay used for commercial accounts
3200 BC		First wheeled vehicles in Europe (found in Hungary)
3100 BC		Cuneiform script developed in Mesopotamia
3000 BC		Construction of walled citadels in Mediterranean Europe and development of successful metal industry
2900 BC		Appearance of Corded Ware pottery in northern Europe
2500 BC		Bell beakers found in western Europe, often associated with individual burials
2500 BC		Development of urban civilization in the Indian Plain
2500 BC		Earliest syllabic script used in Sumerian literature
2300 BC		Beginning of full European Bronze Age
2000 BC		Fortified settlements in east and central Europe point to increasing social and economic pressures
1900 BC		Cretan hieroglyphic writing
1850 BC		Horses used for the first time to pull light carts in the western Steppes
1650 BC		Linear A script (Crete and the Cyclades)
1650 BC		City-states of central Anatolia unified to form the Hittite kingdom with a strongly fortified capital at Boğazköy
1400 BC		Linear B script (mainland and islands of Greece)
1400 BC		Development of pastoral nomadism on the Steppes: cattle herded from horseback
1300 BC		Westward spread of urnfield cemeteries
1200 BC		Collapse of Hittite empire
1000 BC		Hillforts in Western Europe
1000 BC		Full nomadic economy on the Steppes based on rearing horses, cattle and sheep
850 BC		First settlement at Rome; cluster of huts on Palatine Hill
800 BC		Establishment of culture north and east of Alps --- first stage of Celtic Iron Age (Hallstatt)
800 BC		Rise of Etruscan city-states in central Italy
800 BC		Rise of cities and states in Ganges Valley supported by rice farming
750 BC		First Greek alphabetic inscription
750 BC		Ironworking spreads to Britain
750 BC		Earliest Greek colonies set up from western Mediterranean to the eastern shores of the Black Sea
690 BC		Etruscan script developed from Greek
600 BC		Trade between Celts north west of Alps and Greek colonies of the west Mediterranean; rich wagon burials attest to wealth and power of Celtic elite
600 BC		Latin script
600 BC		Central lowlands of northern Europe first settled
600 BC		First Greek coins
480 BC		2nd stage of European Bronze Age (La Tène)
480 BC		Emergence of classical period of Greek arts and architecture
480 BC		City-states reach height of importance
460 BC		Parchment replaces clay tablets for Aramaic administrative documents
450 BC		Athens, the greatest Greek city-state, reaches the peak of its power
400 BC		Carthage dominates the west Mediterranean
390 BC		Celts sack Rome
334 BC--329 BC		Alexander the Great invades Asia Minor, conquers Egypt and Persia and reaches India; Hellenism established in Asia
331 BC		Alexandria founded
250 BC		Brahmin alphabetic script in India
250 BC		All of peninsular Italy controlled by Rome
206 BC		Rome gains control of Spain
146 BC		Romans destroy the Greek states but Greek culture still important and Greek artists brought to Rome
146 BC		Roman destruction of Carthage
55 BC		Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain
27 BC		Augustus sole ruler of Roman empire
43--50		Emperor Claudius invades Britain
50		Rome largest city in the world --- population 1 million
117		Roman empire reaches its greatest extent
125		Hadrian's Wall built
285		Administrative separation of eastern and western halves of Roman empire
313		Edict of Milan: toleration of Christianity in Roman empire
330		Constantine founds Constantinople as new eastern capital of the Roman empire
410		Sack of Rome by Visigoths leading to collapse of western Roman empire
410		Romans withdraw from Britain
429		German (Vandal) kingdom in north Africa
449		Angles, Saxons and Jutes invade Britain
597		St Augustine introduces Christianity to the English
787		Scandinavian invasions begin
793		Sacking of Lindisfarne
878		King Alfred defeats the Danes at Eddington
878		Treaty of Wedmore
899		King Alfred dies
1016		Danish King Cnut rules England
1042		Accession of Edward the Confessor to the English throne
1066		Battle of Hastings; Norman Conquest
1095		First Crusade
1170		Assassination of Thomas à Becket
1204		King John loses lands in Normandy
1259--1265		The Barons' War
1337--1453		The Hundred Years War
1340--1400		Geoffrey Chaucer
1346		Battle of Crecy
1346		Battle of Poitiers
1348--1351		The Black Death
1362		Parliament opened in English
1362		The Statute of Pleading (English becomes the official language of legal proceedings)
1381		The Peasants' Revolt
1415		Battle of Agincourt
1476		Caxton introduces the printing press
1489		French no longer used as the language of Parliament
1509		Henry VIII ascends the throne
1534		Act of Supremacy
1536		Small monasteries dissolved
1536		Statute incorporates all of Wales with England
1539		English translation of Bible in every church
1547		Edward VI
1553		Mary Tudor
1554		Mary marries Philip of Spain
1558		Elizabeth I
1559		Act of Supremacy restores laws of Henry VIII
1574		First company of actors; theatre building begins
1577		Sir Francis Drake plunders west coast of South America
1584		Colonists at Roanoke
1600		British East India Company founded
1600		Population of England c.2.5 million
1603		James I
1605		Barbados, West Indies, claimed as English colony
1606		Virginia Company of London sends 120 colonists to Virginia
1607		Jamestown, Virginia, is established by London Co. as the first permanent English settlement in America
1611		King James Bible
1616		Death of Shakespeare
1620		The Pilgrims arrive at Plymouth Rock on the Mayflower
1621		English attempt to colonize Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
1625		Charles I
1627		Charles I grants charter to the Guiana Company
1633		English trading post established in Bengal
1637		English traders established in Canton
1639		English established at Madras
1642--1646		Civil War
1646		English occupy the Bahamas
1648		Second Civil War
1649		Cromwell invades Ireland
1649		Charles I beheaded
1649		Charles II
1649		Commonwealth established
1653		Cromwell becomes Lord Protector
1655		English capture Jamaica
1660		Charles II restored to throne
1663		Charles II grants charter to Royal African Company
1668		British East India Company gains control of Bombay
1670		English settlement in Charles Town, later Charleston, South Carolina
1680--1689		Welsh Quakers settle in large numbers in Pennsylvania
1680--1689		First German immigrants in America
1684		Bermudas become Crown Colony
1689		William and Mary proclaimed king and queen in England and Ireland
1690		Calcutta founded
1690		Population of England c.5 million
1700		Population of England and Scotland 7.5 million
1707		Union of England and Scotland as Great Britain
1707		British land in Acadia, Canada
1710		English South Sea Company founded
1727		George II
1729		North and South Carolina become Crown Colonies
1729		Benjamin and James Franklin publish 'The Pennsylvania Gazette'
1744		Robert Clive arrives at Madras
1756--1763		The French and Indian War in North America
1759		British take Quebec from the French
1760		George III
1762		British capture Martinique, Grenada, Havana and Manila
1765--1947		British Raj in India
1770		James Cook discovers Botany Bay, Australia
1774		Parliament passes the Stamp Act, unifying the colonies against the British
1775		The East India, or Tea, Act prompts the Boston Teat Party
1775--1783		American War of Independence
1776		American Declaration of Independence
1776		The Revolutionary War begins
1778		Cook discovers Hawaii
1783		The Treaty of Paris successfully ends the Revolution
1783		British recognize US independence
1784		Pitt's India Act: East India Company under government control
1786		Penang ceded to Great Britain
1789		George Washington inaugurated as first US President
1790		The first penal colony established in Sydney, Australia
1795, 1806		British forces occupy Cape of Good Hope
1800		British capture Malta
1803		The Louisiana Purchase doubles the size of US territory
1810		British seize Guadeloupe
1811		British occupy Java
1812--1814		War of 1812 between the USA and Britain
1819		Florida purchased by the USA from Spain
1819		British settlement established in Singapore by East India Company
1822		English becomes the official language of the Eastern Cape of South Africa
1822		Liberia founded --- Africa's oldest republic
1824		Erie Canal opens, strengthening east-west trade, but increasing the isolation of the south
1824		British take Rangoon, Burma
1828		The Baltimore and Ohio Railway opens
1832		Britain occupies the Falkland Islands
1837		Queen Victoria
1837		The electric telegraph demonstrated by Samuel Morse
1840		New Zealand becomes an official colony
1840		Penny post introduced in Britain
1842		Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain
1848		Gold discovered in California
1849		Gold Rush
1851		Victoria, Australia, proclaimed separate colony
1852		New constitution for New Zealand
1858		Powers of East India Company transferred to British Crown
1860		Kowloon added to British territories in South-East Asia
1861		Civil War begins with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter
1861		British Colony founded in Lagos, Nigeria
1863		Emancipation of the slaves is proclaimed, as of 1 January
1865		General Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox
1865		President Lincoln is assassinated, five days later
1867		Alaska is purchased from Russia, becoming the 49th state in 1959
1867		Federal Malay States become a Crown Colony
1869		The first transcontinental railroad is completed
1876		Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone
1877		Edison invents the phonograph
1878		David Hughes invents the microphone
1879		London opens its first telephone exchange
1884		Papua New Guinea becomes British protectorate
1885		Britain established protectorate over Northern Bechuanaland, Niger River Region and southern New Guinea, and occupies Port Hamilton, Korea
1886		First Indian National Congress meets
1887		First Colonial Conference opens in London
1888		Cecil Rhodes granted mining rights by King of Matabele
1890		Rhodes becomes Premier of Cape Colony
1893		Uganda united as British protectorate
1893		USA annexes Hawaii
1895		Marconi invents radiotelegraphy
1895		Auguste and Louis Lumière invent the motion-picture camera
1895		British South Africa Company territory south of the Zambezi River becomes Rhodesia
1898		America receives Guam and sovereignty over the Philippines
1898		New Territories leased by Britain from China for 99 years
1899		First magnetic sound recordings
1899--1902		Boer War
1900		R. A. Fessenden transmits the human voice via radio waves
1900		British capture Bloemfontein, relieve Mafeking, annex Orange Free State and Transvaal and take Pretoria and Johannesburg Commonwealth of Australia created
1901		Marconi transmits radiotelegraph messages from Cornwall to New Zealand
1901		End of Queen Victoria's reign
1903		Ford Motor Company founded
1903		Orville and Wilbur Wright make the first successful manned flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
1903		British conquer northern Nigeria
1907		New Zealand becomes a dominion within the British Empire
1908		Union of South Africa established
1908		Henry Ford introduces the mass-produced Model T
1914		Panama Canal opened
1914--1918		World War I
1916		USA purchases Danish West Indies (Virgin Islands)
1917		USA purchases Dutch West Indies
1919		League of Nations founded
1920		Gandhi emerges as leader of India
1920		Kenya becomes British colony
1921		British Broadcasting Corporation founded
1921		First Indian Parliament meets
1924		The National Origins Act marks the official end of large-scale immigration to America; from this point on numbers are restricted and quotas are introduced
1924		British Imperial Airways founded
1925		John Logie Baird transmits a picture of a human face via television
1928		John Logie Baird demonstrates first colour television
1929		Teleprinters and teletypewriters first used
1929		First scheduled TV broadcasts in Schernectedy, New York
1929		First talking pictures made
1936		BBC London television service begins
1938		Lajos Biró invents the ball-point pen
1939--1945		World War II
1942		First computer developed in the United States
1942		Magnetic recording tape invented
1944		First telegraph line used between Washington and Baltimore
1945		United Nations founded
1946		Chester Carlson invents Xerography
1946		Philippines become independent from the United States
1947		Transistor invented at Bell Laboratories
1947		India proclaimed independent
1948		Peter Goldmark invents the long-playing record
1951		Colour TV introduced into USA (15 million TV sets in USA)
1952		Accession of Queen Elizabeth II
1957		Common Market established by Treaty of Rome
1957		Malaysian independence
1958		First stereophonic recordings
1962--1975		Uganda, Kenya, Zambia (Northern Rhodesia), Malawi, Malta, Gambia, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Guyana, Mauritius, Nigeria, Bahamas, Papua New Guinea all become independent of Great Britain
1965		Atlantic cable completed
1968		Intelsar communication satellite launched
1989		South Africa desegregated
1997		Hong Kong rule returns to China

449		Invasion by Angles, Saxons, and Jutes
450--480		Earliest runic inscriptions in Old English
597		Augustine brings Christianity to Kent
680		Approximate earliest date for the composition of Beowulf
700		Approximate dating of earliest Old English manuscripts
735		Death of the Venerable Bede
787		Viking raids begin
871		Alfred becomes King of Wessex
886		Danelaw boundaries settled
950--1000		Approximate dates of the main Old English poetry collections
1016--1042		Cnut and his sons reign
1066		Norman Conquest
1150--1200		Earliest texts in Middle English
1171		Henry II's invasion of Ireland
1204		France reconquers Normandy
1250--1300		Edward I's campaigns against the Welsh and Scots
1362		English first used at the opening of Parliament
1375--1400		Chaucer's main works written
1384		Wyclif's translation of the Bible
1400--1450		The Great Vowel Shift
1400--1600		Main period of older Scots literature
1476		Introduction of printing
1475--1650		Renaissance loan words into English
1549		Book of Common Prayer written
1560--1620		English plantation settlements in Ireland
1584		Roanoke settlement in America
1590--1616		Shakespeare's main works written
1600		East India Company established trading posts in India
1603		Act of Union of the crowns of England and Scotland
1604		Publication of Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall
1607		First permanent English settlement in America
1609		First English settlement in the Caribbean
1611		Authorized Version of the Bible
1619		Arrival of first African slaves in North America
1620		Arrival of the Pilgrim Fathers in America
1623		First Folio of Shakespeare's plays published
1627		British established in Barbados
1655		British acquire Jamaica from Spain
1707		Union of the Parliaments of England and Scotland
1712		Jonathan Swift's proposal for an English Academy
1713		British control in eastern Canada recognized
1721		Publication of Nathaniel Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary
1755		Publication of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language
1762		Publication of Robert Lowth's Short Introduction to English Grammar
1765--1947		British Raj in India
1776		American independence declared
1780--1800		First wave of emigration to Canada from the USA
1783		Loss of American colonies of Britain
1788		Establishment of first penal colony in Australia
1791		Establishment of Upper and Lower Canada
1794		Publication of Lindley Murray's English Grammar
1800--1910		Main period of European emigration to the USA
1802		Ceylon and Trinidad ceded to Britain
1803		Act of Union between Britain and Ireland
1806		British control established in South Africa
1808		Sierra Leone made colony
1814		Tobago, Mauritius, St Lucia and Malta ceded to Britain
1816		Colony of Bathurst (Gambia) established
1819		British established Singapore
1828		Publication of Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language
1840		Official colony established in New Zealand
1842		Hong Kong ceded to Britain
1861		Lagos (Nigeria) established as colony
1865--1900		Movement of blacks to northern parts of the USA after the American Civil War
1867		Independence of Canada
1874		Gold Coast (Ghana) established as colony
1884--1928		Publication of the Oxford English Dictionary
1888--1894		British protectorates established in Kenya, Zanzibar, Uganda
1901		Independence of Australia
1907		Independence of New Zealand
1910		Union of South Africa established
1919		Tanganyika ceded to Britain
1922		Partition of Northern Ireland and Eire
1922		Establishment of the BBC
1925		Afrikaans given official status in South Africa
1931		British Commonwealth recognized
1947		Independence of India
1948		Independence of Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
1957		Independence of Ghana
1957--63		Independence of Malaysia
1960		Independence of Nigeria
1940--1975		Main period of immigration to Britain from Europe, Caribbean and Asia
1961		Independence of Sierra Leone and Cyprus
1962		Independence of Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda
1963		Independence of Kenya
1964		Independence of Tanzania, Malawi, Malta, Zambia
1965		Independence of The Gambia, Singapore
1966		Independence of Guyana, Botswana, Lesotho, Barbados
1968		Independence of Mauritius, Swaziland, Nauru
1970--1984		Independence of possessions in Caribbean and Pacific
1972		Independence of Bangladesh
1972		First network e-mail sent
1975		Independence of Papua New Guinea
1977		Voyager spacecraft leaves with English message
1984		Independence of Brunei
1986		Independence of Marshall Islands
1988		CD-ROM of the Oxford English Dictionary
1990		Independence of Namibia
1991		Independence of the Federated States of Micronesia
1991		Implementation of the World Wide Web
1994		Independence of Palau
2000		Oxford English Dictionary goes online

1066年	ノルマン人の征服
12--13世紀	英語の文学作品などが現れ始める（ Layamon's Brut, The Owl and the Nightingale, Ancrene Wisse, etc. ）
1258年	Simon de Monfort の反乱（政府機関へのフランス人の登用に対する抗議．英語の回復も強く要求される．その結果，Henry III は布行政改革の宣言書をラテン語，フランス語だけでなく英語でも出すこととなった．）
1272年	Edward I がイングランド王として初めて英語を使用する
1337年	Edward III，フランスの王位継承権を主張し百年戦争が始まる（ ? 1453年）
1348--50年	最初のペストの流行（ 1361--62, 1369, 1375年にも流行．黒死病については[2009-08-24-1]を参照．）
1350年代	Higden's Polychronicon で，上流貴族の子弟にとってもすでに英語が母語となっていたことが示唆される
1356年	地方裁判所の記録が英語になる
1362年	議会の開会が英語で宣言される
1363年	法廷での使用言語が英語となる (ただし，記録はラテン語)
1380年代	ロンドンのギルドが記録に英語を使い始める
1381年	Peasants' Revolt
1384年	ロンドンのシティーが英語で布告を出す
1399年	英語を母語とする最初の王 Henry IV 即位
1414年	Henry V がイングランド王として初めて英語で手紙を書く（政府内でも英語の使用が奨励される）
1422年	ロンドンの醸造業者が手続きをラテン語から英語にする
1453年	百年戦争の終結
1488年	英語が法的文書の書き言葉として認められる
1539年	Great Bible が王により初めて公認される（保守的な宗教の世界でも英語の使用が認められるようになる）
1628年	英語で書かれた最初の法典が編纂される
1731年	法的文書が英語でなければならなくなる

timeline - hellog～英語史ブログ

■ #1368. Fennell 版，英語史略年表 [timeline][history][historiography]

■ #1333. 中英語で受動態の動作主に用いられた前置詞 [preposition][passive][timeline]

■ #1285. FLASHで英語史略年表 [timeline][history][flash][web_service][world_languages][loan_word][link]

■ #777. 英語史略年表 [timeline][history][historiography]

■ #751. 地球46億年のあゆみのなかでの人類と言語 [timeline][writing][homo_sapiens][anthropology][origin_of_language][grammatology]

■ #131. 英語の復権 [me][history][reestablishment_of_english][timeline][monarch]

■ #41. 言語と文字の歴史は浅い [timeline][writing][homo_sapiens][anthropology][origin_of_language][grammatology]

■ #18. 英語史をオンラインで学習できるサイト [link][timeline][hel_education]