hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2025-03-22

■ #5808. なぜ wind は短母音を示すのか？ [sobokunagimon][vowel][diphthong][gvs][homorganic_lengthening][homonymy][homonymic_clash][oed][homophony]

　先日，ヘルメイトの ari さんが note で「#227【深掘り】-ind と -ingの発音の違い，あるいは wind の発音について」と題する記事を書かれていた．いくつかの問題が取り上げられているが，とりわけ wind （風）が /wɪnd/ と短母音で発音されるのはなぜか，という問いが興味深かった．確かに歴史的に予想される形は2重母音をもつ */waɪnd/ となりそうなものだし，実際に同綴異義語の wind （曲がりくねる）は /waɪnd/ の発音なので，不思議である．
　ari さんも部分的に引用されているが，OED の wind (n¹) の発音の歴史に関する注をフルで引用しよう．

Pronunciation

The phonological development of this word differs from that of nouns with a similar phonological shape in Middle English, such as hind n.¹ and rind n.¹, and similarly the verb wind v.¹ These show the result of lengthening of the vowel before the homorganic consonant cluster -nd in Old English. The evidence of the early modern orthoepists shows that there was considerable variation in early modern English between pronunciations with a short vowel or a long vowel (or its diphthongal reflex after the operation of the Great Vowel Shift); this variation appears to have been unusually persistent in the case of the present word (compare discussion in E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500--1700 (ed. 2, 1968) vol. II. §12), for which the pronunciation with a short vowel is the one that became usual in later standard English. Until the 18th cent. the diphthongal pronunciation appears to have been more usual, but by the end of the century had been largely supplanted in ordinary speech by the short-vowel pronunciation. Walker (1791), while listing both, puts the pronunciation with short vowel first, and notes: 'These two modes of pronunciation have been long contending for superiority, till at last the former seems to have gained a compleat victory, except in the territories of rhyme.' The poetic convention allowing rhyming use of the diphthongal pronunciation continued well into the 19th cent. (compare e.g. quot. 1811 at Phrases P.1n.ii, quot. 1820 at spring n.¹ III.17a).

The preservation of the short vowel in this particular word is difficult to account for; it may have been aided by the large number of occurrences in compounds and derivatives, in which failure of vowel lengthening would have been more likely; it may also partly reflect a functional pressure to distinguish this word from wind v.¹, which would otherwise have been homophonous. Frequent collocation with winter n.¹ (with short vowel) could also have played a part.

Pronunciation with a diphthong (reflecting a Middle English long vowel) survives in some regional varieties and is occasionally reflected in forms such as wine and weind at α forms.

　この問題を理解するには，上記の OED の解説を正確に読み解く必要があり，そのためには英語の音韻史や語彙史の概要を知っていなければならない．とりわけ同器性長化 (Homorganic Lengthening; homorganic_lengthening)，大母音推移 (Great Vowel Shift: gvs)，同音異義衝突 (homonymic_clash) に関する理解が欠かせない．
　OED でも明確な答えは出ていないので，このブログでももう少し調べていきたい．（ari さん，話題提供ありがとうございました．）

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