英語史において,後期中英語から近代英語にかけて進行した Standard English の確立は,大きな話題である.本ブログでも,standardisation や,とりわけ chancery_standard の記事で,関連する話題を取り上げてきた.
Wright (1--2) によると,この方面の研究史は,Morsbach (1888), Doelle (1913), Heuser (1914), Reaney (1925, 1926), Mackenzie (1928), Ekwall (1956), Samuels (1963), Fisher (1977) という流れで発展してきた.
・ Morsbach, Lorenz. Über den Ursprung der neuenglischen Schriftsprache. Heilbronn: Henninger, 1888.
・ Doelle, Ernst. Zur Sprache Londons vor Chaucer. Niemeyer: 1913.
・ Heuser, Wilhelm. AltLondon mit besonderer Berücksichtingung des Dialekts. Osnabrück: 1914.
・ Reaney, Percy H. "On Certain Phonological Features of the Dialect of London in the Twelfth Century". Englische Studien 59 (1925): 321--45.
・ Reaney, Percy H. "The Dialect of London in the Thirteenth Century". Englische Studien 61 (1926): 9--23.
・ Mackenzie, Barbara Alida. The Early London Dialect. Oxford: Clarendon, 1928.
・ Ekwall, Bror Eilert. Studies on the Population of Medieval London. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1956.
・ Samuels, Michael Louis. "Some Applications of Middle English Dialectology." English Studies 44 (1963): 81--94. Revised in Middle English Dialectology: Essays on Some Principles and Problems. Ed. Margaret Laing. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1989.
・ Fisher, John Hurt. "Chancery and the Emergence of Standard Written English in the Fifteenth Century." Speculum 52 (1977): 870--99.
特に,Ekwall から影響を受けた Samuels が書き言葉標準の Type 4 として挙げた,Chancery Standard という公的文書に現われる後期中英語の変種が後の標準化の基盤であるとする議論が,主流となってきた ([2010-02-27-1]の記事「#306. Samuels の中英語後期に発達した書きことば標準の4タイプ」を参照).
だが,最近では,英語史研究の進展と社会言語学への関心により,Samuels 説の想定するような線的な標準英語の発展と確立というモデルではなく,より複雑な現象として面的にとらえる視点が現われてきている.確かに,Samuels その他の唱えた従来の諸説では,標準化の発展の詳細を思い浮かべることはできないように思われる.例えば,Wright (2) が提示しているように,以下の問題がいまだ解かれていない.
(1) どの程度の期間にわたって,どのような種類のテキストにおいて,形態や語彙の標準化が進んだのか.
(2) Central Midland や East Midland からロンドンへの移民による方言接触説が唱えられているが,この説は,社会言語学的な観点から,どのように評価されるか.
(3) Chancery Standard は,変種というよりは,ある種の綴字体系にすぎないのではないか.とすれば,他のどの水平化された変種 (levelled varieties) が,後の標準英語への入力となったのか.
(4) 標準英語の語彙,特に標準書き言葉に用いられる語彙はどのように選択されたのか.その裏返しとして,地域的な語彙や非標準的な語彙はどのように選択されたのか.
Wright の編んだ論文集では,以上のような問題が焦点化されている.大雑把な結論としては,以下の通りである.
Some of the papers presented here report data which displays not the familiar S-curve of change, but a more unwieldy W-curve (that is, changes which begin, progress, then recede, then progress again . . . ). Standardisation is shown not to be a linear, unidirectional or 'natural' development, but a set of processes which occur in a set of social spaces, developing at different rates in different registers in different idiolects. (6)
・ Wright, Laura. The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Introduction. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000.
Chaucer など中英語の文学テキストをはじめとして,英語史で引用されることの多い主要な作品の略記を一覧にしておくと便利である.そこで,『英語語源辞典』 (xvii--xx) より,中英語作品,Chaucer,Shakespeare,聖書の書名の略記を抜き出した.関連して MED の HyperBibliography も参照.
ME期主要作品の成立年代と作品名(MED による略形)
?lateOE | Lambeth Homilies |
a1121--60 | Peterb. Chron. = Peterborough Chronicle |
c1175 | Body & Soul |
?c1175 | Poema Morale |
?a1200 | Ancrene Riwle |
?a1200 | Layamon Brut |
?c1200 | St. Juliana |
?c1200 | St. Katherine |
?c1200 | St. Margaret |
?c1200 | Hali Meidenhad |
?c1200 | Sawles Warde |
?c1200 | Ormulum |
c1200 | Vices & Virtues |
?c1225 | Horn |
c1250 | Owl & Nightingale |
c1250 | Floris |
c1250 | Genesis & Exodus |
c1275 | Kentish Sermons |
?a1300 | Kyng Alisaunder |
?a1300 | Richard Coer de Lyon |
c1300 | Havelok |
c1300 | Gloucester Chronicle |
c1300 | South English Legendary |
c1303 | Mannyng Handlyng Synne |
a1325 | Cursor Mundi |
c1330 | Orfeo |
a1333 | Shoreham Poems |
a1338 | Mannyng Chronicle |
1340 | Ayenbite |
c1340 | Rolle Psalter |
c1350 | Prose Psalter |
c1353 | Wynnere & Wastoure |
a1375 | William of Palerne |
1375 | Barbour The Bruce |
a1376 | Piers Plowman A |
a1378 | Piers Plowman B |
?c1380 | Cleanness |
?c1380 | Patience |
?c1380 | Pearl |
c1384 | Wycl. Bible (1) = Wycliffite Bible |
c1386 | St. Erkenwald |
?a1387 | Piers Plowman C |
a1387 | Trevisa Polychronicon |
?c1390 | Gawain = Sir Gawain and the Green Knight |
a1393 | Gower Confessio Amantis |
c1395 | Wycl. Bible (2) = Wycliffite Bible |
?c1395 | Pierce the Ploughman's Creed |
a1396 | Hilton Scale of Perfection |
a1398 | Trevisa Bartholomew |
?a1400 | Destruction of Troy |
?a1400 | Morte Arthure |
c1400 | Mandeville |
?a1425 | Polychronicon (Harley) |
?a1425 | Chauliac (1) = Guy de Chauliac's Grande Chirurgie |
?c1425 | Chauliac (2) = Guy de Chauliac's Grande Chirurgie |
?a1438 | MKempe = Book of Margery Kempe |
1440 | Promp. Parv. = Promptorium Parvulorum |
?a1450 | Gesta Romanorum |
a1470 | Malory |
ABC | An ABC |
Adam | Chaucers Wordes Unto Adam, His Owne Scriveyn |
Anel. | Anelida and Arcite |
Astr. | A Treatise on the Astrolabe |
Bal. Ch. | A Balade of Complaint |
BD | The Book of the Duchess |
Bo. | Boece |
Buk. | Lenvoy de Chaucer a Bukton |
Comp. A. | Complaynt D'Amours |
Comp. L. | Complaint to His Lady |
CT. | The Canterbury Tales |
CT. Cl. | The Clerk's Prologue and Tale |
CT. Co. | The Cook's Prologue and Tale |
CT. CY. | The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Tale |
CT. Fkl. | The Franklin's Prologue and Tale |
CT. Fri. | The Friar's Prologue and Tale |
CT. Kn. | The Knight's Tale |
CT. Mch. | The Merchant's Prologue, Tale, and Epilogue |
CT. Mk. | The Monk's Tale |
CT. Mcp. | The Manciple's Prologue and Tale |
CT. Mel. | The Tale of Melibee |
CT. Mil. | The Miller's Prologue and Tale |
CT. ML. | The Man of Law's Introduction, Prologue, Tale, and Epilogue |
CT. Mk. | The Monk's Prologue and Tale |
CT. NP. | The Nun's Priest's Prologue, Tale, and Epilogue |
CT. Pard. | The Pardoner's Introduction, Prologue, and Tale |
CT. Pars. | The Parson's Prologue and Tale |
CT. Ph. | The Physician's Tale |
CT. Pri. | The Prioress's Prologue and Tale |
CT. Prol. | General Prologue |
CT. Rt. | Chaucer's Retraction |
CT. Rv. | The Reeve's Prologue and Tale |
CT. Sh. | The Shipman's Tale |
CT. SN. | The Second Nun's Prologue and Tale |
CT. Spurious Pard. Sh. Link | The Spurious Pardoner-Shipman Link |
CT. Sq. | The Squire's Introduction and Tale |
CT. Sum. | The Summoner's Prologue and Tale |
CT. Th. | The Prologue and Tale of Sir Thopas |
CT. WB. | The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale |
Form. A. | The Former Age |
Fort. | Fortune |
Gent. | Gentilesse |
HF | The House of Fame |
LGW | The Legend of Good Women |
LGW Prol. | Prologue |
L. St. | Lak of Stedfastnesse |
Mars | The Complaint of Mars |
Merc. B. | Merciles Beaute |
PF | The Parliament of Fowls |
Pity | The Complaint unto Pity |
Prov. | Proverbs |
Purse | The Complaint of Chaucer to His Purse |
Rosem. | To Rosemounde |
RRose | The Romaunt of the Rose |
Scog. | Lenvoy de Chaucer a Scogan |
TC | Troilus and Criseyde |
Truth | Truth |
Ven. | The Complaint of Venus |
W. Unc. | Against Women Unconstant |
AWW | All's Well That Ends Well |
AYL | As You Like It |
Ado | Much Ado About Nothing |
Ant | Antony and Cleopatra |
Cor | Coriolanus |
Cym | Cymbeline |
Err | The Comedy of Errors |
1H4 | 1 Henry IV |
2H4 | 2 Henry IV |
H5 | Henry V |
1H6 | 1 Henry VI |
2H6 | 2 Henry VI |
3H6 | 3 Henry VI |
H8 | Henry VIII |
Ham | Hamlet |
JC | Julius Caesar |
Jn | King John |
LC | Lover's Complaint |
LLL | Love's Labour's Lost |
Lr | King Lear |
Luc | The Rape of Lucrece |
MM | Measure for Measure |
MND | A Midsummer-Night's Dream |
MV | The Merchant of Venice |
MWW | The Merry Wives of Windsor |
Mac | Macbeth |
Oth | Othello |
Per | Pericles |
Phoe | The Phoenix and Turtle |
R2 | Richard II |
R3 | Richard III |
RJ | Romeo and Juliet |
Shr | The Taming of the Shrew |
Son | Sonnets |
TC | Troilus and Cressida |
TGV | The Two Gentlemen of Verona |
TNK | The Two Noble Kinsmen (with Fletcher) |
TN | Twelfth Night |
Tem | Tempest |
Tim | Timon of Athens |
Tit | Titus Andronicus |
VA | Venus and Adonis |
WT | The Winter's Tale |
Acts | The Acts of the Apostles |
Amos | Amos |
1 Chron. | The First Book of the Chronicles |
2 Chron. | The Second Book of the Chronicles |
Col. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Colossians |
1 Cor. | The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians |
2 Cor. | The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians |
Dan. | The Book of Daniel |
Deut. | The Fifth Book of Moses, called Deuteronomy |
Eccles. | Ecclesiastes, or the Preacher |
Ephes. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Ephesians |
Esth. | The Book of Esther |
Exod. | The Second Book of Moses, called Exodus |
Ezek. | The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel |
Ezra | Ezra |
Gal. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Galatians |
Gen. | The First Book of Moses, called Genesis |
Hab. | Habakkuk |
Hag. | Haggai |
Heb. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews |
Hos. | Hosea |
Isa. | The Book of the Prophet Isaiah |
James | The General Epistle of James |
Jer. | The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah |
Job | The Book of Job |
Joel | Joel |
John | The Gospel according to St. John |
1 John | The First Epistle General of John |
2 John | The Second Epistle of John |
3 John | The Third Epistle of John |
Jonah | Jonah |
Josh. | The Book of Joshua |
Jude | The General Epistle of Jude |
Judges | The Book of Judges |
1 Kings | The First Book of the Kings |
2 Kings | The Second Book of the Kings |
Lam. | The Lamentations of Jeremiah |
Lev. | The Third Book of Moses, called Leviticus |
Luke | The Gospel according to St. Luke |
Mal. | Malachi |
Mark | The Gospel according to St. Mark |
Matt. | The Gospel according to St. Matthew |
Mic. | Micah |
Nah. | Nahum |
Neh. | The Book of Nehemiah |
Num. | The Fourth Book of Moses, called Numbers |
Obad. | Obadiah |
1 Pet. | The First Epistle General of Peter |
2 Pet. | The Second Epistle General of Peter |
Philem. | The Epistle of Paul to Philemon |
Philip. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Philippians |
Prov. | The Proverbs |
Ps. | The Book of Psalms |
Rev. | The Revelation of St. John the Divine |
Rom. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans |
Ruth | The Book of Ruth |
1 Sam. | The First Book of Samuel |
2 Sam. | The Second Book of Samuel |
Song of Sol. | The Song of Solomon |
1 Thess. | The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians |
2 Thess. | The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians |
1 Tim. | The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy |
2 Tim. | The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy |
Titus | The Epistle of Paul to Titus |
Zech. | Zechariah |
Zeph. | Zephaniah |
紊???? (Apocrypha) | |
Baruch | Baruch |
Bel and Dragon | The History of the Destruction of Bel and the Dragon |
Ecclus. | The Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach, or Ecclesiasticus |
1 Esd. | I. Esdras |
2 Esd. | II. Esdras |
Judith | Judith |
1 Macc. | The First Book of the Maccabees |
2 Macc. | The Second Book of the Maccabees |
Pr. of Man | The Prayer of the Manasses |
Rest of Esther | The Rest of the Chapters of the Book of Esther |
Song of Three Children | The Song of the Three Holy Children |
Susanna | The History of Susanna |
Tobit | Tobit |
Wisd. of Sol. | The Wisdom of Solomon |
一昨日の記事「she の語源説」 ([2011-08-02-1]) で概説したように,she の語源は諸説紛々としている.関連研究も累々と積み重ねられてきており,その書誌をまとめるだけでも意味があるかもしれない.まったく網羅的ではないが,昨日挙げた参考文献に載っていたものを中心にいくつかを示しておきたい.
・ Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968. xxxvi--xxxviii.
・ Clark, Cecily, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154. London: OUP, 1958. lxvi--lxvii.
・ Dieth, E. "Hips: A Geographical Contribution to the 'She' Puzzle." ES 36 (1955): 209--17.
・ Flom, G. T. "The Origin of the Pronoun 'She'." JEGP 7 (1908): 115--25.
・ Lindkvist, H. "On the Origin and History of the English Pronoun she." Anglia 45 (1921): 1--50.
・ Luick, K. Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache. Stuttgart: Tauchnitz, 1964. Section 705.
・ Ruud, M. B. "A Conjecture concerning the Origin of Modern English She." MLN 25 (1920): 222--25.
・ Ruud, M. B. "'She' Once More." RES 2 (1926): 201--04.
・ Samuels, M. L. "The Role of Functional Selection in the History of English." Transactions of the Philological Society. 1965. 21--23.
・ Sarrazin, G. "Der Ursprung von NE. 'She'." Englische Studien 20 (1895--96): 330--31.
・ Smith, A. H. "Some Place-Names and the Etymology of 'She'." RES 2 (1925): 437--40.
・ Stevick, R. D. "The Morphemic Evolution of Middle English She." ES 65 (1964): 381--88.
・ Vachek, J. "Notes on the Phonological Development of the NE Pronoun she." Sborník Praci Filosfické Faculty Brnenské University 3 (1954): 67--80.
・ Vachek, J. "On Peripheral Phonemes of Modern English." Brno Studies in English 4 (1964): 21--29.
・ 尾碕 一志 「人称代名詞 she の起源について: enclitic *-se 介在説」『雲雀野 : 豊橋技術科学大学人文科学系紀要』第12巻,1990年,43--48頁.
・ 佐藤 哲三 「 Havelok the Dane の三人称代名詞(女性・主格・単数) SHE に関して」『第一福祉大学紀要』第2巻,2005年,27--45頁.( CiNii より PDF で入手可能.pp. 28--29 に諸説がまとまっている.)
ほとんどが Bennett and Smithers から芋づる式に書誌を調べたので,最も新しくて1960年代の論である.それ以降も調べれば,いろいろと出てくるだろう.気付いたら,後記としてここに加えてゆきたい.
目下の関心の1つに,中英語の形容詞屈折体系の水平化(自称 "Inflectional Levelling of Adjectives in Middle English" )がある.本ブログでも関連する記事は何点か書いてきた ([2010-09-13-1], [2010-10-11-1], [2011-03-15-1]) .多くの場合,中英語のテキストにおいて形容詞に -e 語尾がつくのかどうかという実に小さな点に注目するのだが,実のところ,この問題は英語史的,ゲルマン語史的な幅での含蓄をもっており,言語変化理論の観点からのアプローチにも耐えるトピックだと考えている.その理由は2つ.
(1) 英語史上の重要な話題である中英語期の屈折の水平化 ( levelling of inflection ) については,名詞,動詞,冠詞に注目が集まりがちだが,形容詞も目立たないながら着実に水平化を経ていた.形容詞屈折体系は,修飾する名詞の性・数・格に依存していただけでなく,統語的な環境に応じて強変化と弱変化をも区別しており ([2010-10-11-1], [2011-03-15-1]),極めて複雑な体系だった.ある意味で最も複雑だった形容詞屈折体系の水平化を跡づけることは,印欧語族のなかで最も分析化の進んだ言語といわれる英語 ([2011-02-12-1], [2011-02-13-1]) の歴史の解明には欠かすことができない.
(2) 形容詞屈折体系の水平化は,他の語類における水平化(そして多くの言語変化)と同じように,時間をかけてゆっくりと進行した.屈折の水平化の過程は裏返したS字曲線として記述される可能性があり,lexical diffusion の理論にとって示唆的である (lexical_diffusion) .一方で,過程の途中には,水平化の勢いが弱まり,退化した形で屈折の下位体系 ( subsystem ) が確立し持続する段階も観察され,単純な裏S字曲線として進行したわけではないことが示唆される.徐々に進行する言語変化では,徐々に何が生じているのだろうか.
以下に,この問題を追究するにあたっての文献をメモ(今後もここに追加してゆき,書誌を充実させる予定).
・ Burrow, J. A. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. A Book of Middle English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005. (esp. pp. 27--29.)
・ Burnley, David. "Inflection in Chaucer's Adjectives." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 83 (1982): 169--77.
・ Burnley, David. The Language of Chaucer. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1983. (esp. pp. 13--15.)
・ Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. (esp. pp. 105--07.)
・ Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. "Tagging." Chapter 4 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction." Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/pdf/Introchap4.pdf . (esp. pp. 19--22.)
・ Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154. (esp. pp. 23--154.)
・ Minkova, Donka. The History of Final Vowels in English: The Sound of Muting. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991. (esp. pp. 171--91.)
・ Minkova, Donka. "Adjectival Inflexion Relics and Speech Rhythm in Late Middle and Early Modern English." Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Cambridge, 6--9 April 1987. Ed. Sylvia Adamson, Vivien Law, Nigel Vincent, and Susan Wright. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990. 313--36.
・ Mossé, Fernand. A Handbook of Middle English. Trans. James A. Walker. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1952. (esp. pp. 64--65.)
・ Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960. (esp. pp. 233, 275--77.)
・ Pearsall, Derek. "The Weak Declension of the Adjective and Its Importance in Chaucerian Metre." Chaucer in Perspective: Middle English Essays in Honour of Norman Blake. Ed. Geoffrey Lester. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic P, 1999. 178--93.
・ Samuels, M. L. "Chaucerian Final -E." Notes and Queries 217 (1972): 445--48.
・ Topliff, Delores E. "Analysis of Singular Weak Adjective Inflexion in Chaucer's Works." Journal of English Linguistics 4 (1970): 78--89.
・ 中尾 俊夫 『英語史 II』 英語学大系第9巻,大修館書店,1972年.(esp. pp. 144--47.)
英語の語源辞書も多数あるが,主立ったものの書誌をまとめた.語源情報は一般の英語辞書にも埋め込まれることが多く,特に OED や Web3 などの本格派辞書はそのまま語源辞書として使うことができるので,リストに含めた.英語語彙の起源が豊富であることは英語語源辞書が関連諸言語の語源辞書とも連携すべきであることを意味するが,ここでは割愛した.また,印欧祖語に関連する辞書については,Watkins のものを1点挙げるにとどめた.オンラインで利用できる語源辞書やその他の語源情報については[2010-08-25-1]の記事に挙げたリンクを参照.
・ Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
・ Brown, Leslie, ed. The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1993.
・ Burchfield, Robert William, ed. A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary. 4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1972--86.
・ Ekwall, Bror Oscar Eilert. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1960. 1st ed. 1936.
・ Gove, Philip Babcock (editor-in-chief). Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language. Unabridged. A Merriam-Webster. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1976. 1st ed. 1961.
・ Hoad, Terence Frederick, ed. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford: Clarendon, 1986.
・ Holthausen, Ferdinand. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der englischen Sprache. 3rd ed. Göttingen: Vanderhoeck & Ruprecht, 1949. 1st ed. Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1917.
・ Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Dealing with the Origin of Words and Their Sense Development, Thus Illustrating the History of Civilization and Culture. 2 vols. Amsterdam/London/New York: Elsevier, 1966--67. Unabridged, one-volume ed. 1971.
・ Murray, James Augustus Henry, Henry Bradley, William Alexander Craigie, and Charles Talbut Onions, eds. The Oxford English Dictionary Being A Corrected Re-issue with an Introduction, Supplement, and Bibliography of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by the Philological Society. 13 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1933.
・ Onions, Charles Talbut, ed. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Prepared by William Little, Henry Watson Fowler and Jessie Coulson. Rev. ed. C. T. Onions. 3rd ed. Completely reset with Etymologies revised by George Washington, Salisbury Friedrichsen, and with Revised Addenda. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1973. 1st ed. 1933.
・ Onions, Charles Talbut, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. With the assistance of G. W. S. Friedrichsen and R. W. Burchfield. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.
・ Partridge, Eric Honeywood. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 4th ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. 1st ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Macmillan, 1958.
・ Simpson, John Andrew and Edmund S. C. Weiner (prepared). The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 20 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1989.
・ Skeat, Walter William, ed. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1879--82. 2nd ed. 1883.
・ Skeat, Walter William, ed. A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. New ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1882.
・ 寺澤 芳雄 (編集主幹) 『英語語源辞典』 研究社,1997年.
・ Watkins, Calvert Ward, ed. The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Rev. ed. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.
・ Weekly, Ernest. An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. With a New Biographical Memoir of the Author by Montague Weekley. 2 vols. New York: Dover, 1967. 1st ed. London: John Murray, 1921.
この英語史ブログ("hellog")の書き手は,堀田隆一(ほったりゅういち).2023年の3月現在,慶應義塾大学文学部で英語史を中心とした授業を開講している.
専門分野は中英語期の名詞形態論で,特に -s 語尾を含む複数形の形態の発達を通時的に研究している.博士論文のタイトルは "The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English".同名の著書が2009年2月にひつじ書房より出版された.
より広くは,英語の言語変化全般に関心がある.個々の言語変化の歴史的背景から,なぜ言語は変化するのかといった根源的問題まで,言語変化の5W1Hを問い続ける.
また,英語史の知恵が,現代英語や英語の未来を考える上でどのような視点を提供しうるか,英語史の切り口から現代の問題をどう論じられるか,その可能性を探っていきたいと考えている.
その他,研究者としての情報は,ReaD研究者情報でも公開されている.
堀田隆一の著書・訳書のページもご覧ください.
以下は,2024/10/27(Sun) 付の Ryuichi Hotta の List of Publications.
There is one review of the book published:
There are three reviews of the book published:
There are three reviews of the book published:
There is a review of the book published:
There are three reviews of the monograph published:
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