ニュージーランド英語については「#1799. New Zealand における英語の歴史」 ([2014-03-31-1])，「#402. Southern Hemisphere Shift」 ([2010-06-03-1])，「#278. ニュージーランドにおけるマオリ語の活性化」 ([2010-01-30-1]) を含む new_zealand_english) の記事群で取り上げてきた．今回は最近お気に入りの A History of the English Language in 100 Places の第52節 "WAITANGI --- the English Language in New Zealand (1840)" より，New Zealand English のメイキングについての解説を読みたい (129--31) ．
On 6 February 1840, at Waitangi, Aoteoroa, Maori chiefs signed a treaty with the representatives of the British government. The Maori were agreeing to permanent white settlement in their islands. The treaty of Waitangi signalled the moment when the British, not the French, asserted possession of what was renamed New Zealand; it was also the moment when English was destined to become the dominant European language of Aotearoa.
After 1840, European migration to New Zealand came almost exclusively from the British Isles. A census in 1871 showed that of these various migrants, 51 per cent came from England, 27 per cent from Scotland, 22 per cent from Ireland. The majority spoke regional dialects unlike the upper-class English of the colony's administrators. That division shaped linguistic attitudes and accents until the 1960s at least. At the same time, the Maori language provided many terms for local animals, plants and landscape features.
The proportions of the 1871 census suggest the founding elements of New Zealand English, but they do not take account of the fact that there was a continuous movement back and forth between New Zealand and Australia. Some 6 per cent of the 1871 white population was born in Australia, and very large numbers of those who came from the British Isles first landed in Australia before deciding to move to New Zealand. Australian English had then --- and continues to have --- a strong influence. . . .
As in Australia, school inspectors, administrators and leaders of opinion complained from the beginning about the kind of English that they found widespread in New Zealand. A major complaint was that many New Zealanders said 'in', not 'ing', a the ends of words; they added and dropped 'h's improperly; and generally sounded Cockney.
New Zealand linguists challenged the idea that there were large numbers of Londoners among the immigrants to New Zealand. Moreover, within England and the Empire, Cockney was the accent most disliked by upper-class English speakers, and there was a tendency to label any disliked accent as Cockney. Arguing for a levelling of the nineteenth-century English, Irish and Scottish immigrant dialects, New Zealand linguists claim that a distinctive voice appeared about 1900 and spread rapidly through the country. It was initially noted in derogatory terms as a colonial drawl or twang. However, modern-day New Zealanders have homogenized their speech, eroding the once unacceptable drawl as well as the once superior vowels.
ニュージーランド英語は，英語母語話者が入植した当初のイギリス諸島由来の諸方言をベースとしつつも，対蹠地の兄弟としてのオーストラリア英語の影響を被り，さらに土着のマオリ語の語彙も多く借用しながら混交してきた．オーストラリア英語と同様に，一般に Cockney の影響の強い変種とみられることが多いが，それは「Cockney ＝非標準的な諸変種」という大雑把すぎる前提に基づいた誤解である可能性が高い．ニュージーランドでは，20世紀にかけて前世紀までに行なわれていた様々な変種が水平化し，現代につらなるニュージーランドらしい英語変種が生まれてきた，と考えられる．
・ Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.