「#5202. 他動性 (transitivity) とは何か？」 ([2023-07-25-1]) ひ引き続き，他動性 (transitivity) について．
Halliday の機能文法によると，他動性を考える際には3つのパラメータが重要となる．過程 (process)，参与者 (participant)，状況 (circumstance) の3つだ．このうち，とりわけ過程 (process) が支配的なパラメータとなる．
「過程」と称されるものには大きく3つの種類がある．さらに小さくいえば3つの種類が付け足される．それぞれを挙げると，物質的 (material)，精神的 (mental)，関係的 (relational)，そして 行為的 (behavioural), 言語的 (verbal), 存在的 (existential) の6種となる．
Transitivity A term used mainly in systemic functional linguistics to refer to the system of grammatical choices available in language for representing actions, events, experiences and relationships in the world . . . .
There are three components in a transitivity process: the process type (the process or state represented by the verb phrase in a clause), the participant(s) (people, things or concepts involved in a process or experiencing a state) and the circumstance (elements augmenting the clause, providing information about extent, location, manner, cause, contingency and so on). So in the clause 'Mary and Jim ate fish and chips on Friday', the process is represented by 'ate', the participants are 'Mary and Jim' and the circumstances are 'on Friday'.
Halliday and Mtthiesen (2004) identify three main process types, material, mental and relational, and three minor types, behavioural, verbal and existential. Associated with each process are certain kinds of participants. 1) Material processes refer to actions and events. The verb in a material process clause is usually a 'doing' word . . .: Elinor grabbed a fire extinguisher; She kicked Marina. Participants in material processes include actor ('Elinor', 'she') and goal ('a fire extinguisher', 'Marina'). 2) Metal processes refer to states of mind or psychological experiences. The verb in a mental process clause is usually a mental verb: I can't remember his name; Our party believes in choice. Participants in mental processes include senser(s) ('I'; 'our party') and phenomenon ('his name'; 'choice'). 3) Relational processes commonly ascribe an attribute to an entity, or identify it: Something smells awful in here; My name is Scruff. The verb in a relational processes include token ('something', 'my name')) and value ('Scruff', 'awful'). 4) Behavioural processes are concerned with the behaviour of a participant who is a conscious entity. They lie somewhere between material and mental processes. The verb in a behavioural process clause is usually intransitive, and semantically it refers to a process of consciousness or a physiological state: Many survivors are sleeping in the open; The baby cried. The participant in a behavioral process is called a behaver. 5) Verbal processes are processes of verbal action: 'Really?', said Septimus Coffin; He told them a story about a gooseberry in a lift. Participants in verbal processes include sayer ('Septimus Coffin', 'he'), verbiage ('really', 'a story') an recipient ('them'). 6) Existential processes report the existence of someone or something. Only one participant is involved in an existential process: the existent. There are two main grammatical forms for this type of process: existential there as subject + copular verb (There are thousands of examples.); and existent as subject + copular verb (Maureen was at home.)
これらは，言語活動においてとりわけ根源的な意味関係の6種を選び取ったものといってよいだろう．言語哲学的にいえば，これらのパラメータがどこまで根源的な言語カテゴリーを構成するのかは分からない．考え方一つである．
しかし，機能文法的には当面これらを前提として「過程」が定義され，さらにいえば「他動性」の程度も決まってくる，ということになっている．他動性とはすぐれて相対的な概念・用語ではあるが，このような言語観・文法観の枠組みから出てきた発想であることは知っておきたい．
・ Pearce, Michael. The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.
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