身近な概念だが対応するズバリの1単語が存在しない,そのような概念が言語には多々ある.この現象を「語彙上の欠落」とみなして lexical gap と呼ぶことがある.
例えば brother 問題を取り上げてみよう.「#3779. brother と兄・弟 --- 1対1とならない語の関係」 ([2019-09-01-1]) や「#4128. なぜ英語では「兄」も「弟」も brother と同じ語になるのですか? --- hellog ラジオ版」 ([2020-08-15-1]) で確認したように,英語の brother は年齢の上下を意識せずに用いられるが,日本語では「兄」「弟」のように年齢に応じて区別される.ただし,英語でも年齢を意識した「兄」「妹」に相当する概念そのものは十分に身近なものであり,elder brother や younger sister と表現することは可能である.つまり,英語では1単語では表現できないだけであり,対応する概念が欠けているというわけではまったくない.英語に「兄」「妹」に対応する1単語があってもよさそうなものだが,実際にはないという点で,lexical gap の1例といえる.逆に,日本語に brother に対応する1単語があってもよさそうなものだが,実際にはないので,これまた lexical gap の例と解釈することもできる.
Cruse の解説と例がおもしろいので引用しておこう.
lexical gap This terms is applied to cases where a language might be expected to have a word to express a particular idea, but no such word exists. It is not usual to speak of a lexical gap when a language does not have a word for a concept that is foreign to its culture: we would not say, for instance, that there was a lexical gap in Yanomami (spoken by a tribe in the Amazonian rainforest) if it turned out that there was no word corresponding to modem. A lexical gap has to be internally motivated: typically, it results from a nearly-consistent structural pattern in the language which in exceptional cases is not followed. For instance, in French, most polar antonyms are lexically distinct: long ('long'): court ('short'), lourd ('heavy'): leger ('light'), épais ('thick'): mince ('thin'), rapide ('fast'): lent ('slow'). An example from English is the lack of a word to refer to animal locomotion on land. One might expect a set of incompatibles at a given level of specificity which are felt to 'go together' to be grouped under a hyperonym (like oak, ash, and beech under tree, or rose, lupin, and peony under flower). The terms walk, run, hop, jump, crawl, gallop form such a set, but there is no hyperonym at the same level of generality as fly and swim. These two examples illustrate an important point: just because there is no single word in some language expressing an idea, it does not follow that the idea cannot be expressed.
引用最後の「重要な点」と関連して「#1337. 「一単語文化論に要注意」」 ([2012-12-24-1]) も参照.英語や日本語の lexical gap をいろいろ探してみるとおもしろそうだ.
・ Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
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