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#1343. 英語の英米差を整理(主として発音と語彙)[ame_bre][pronunciation][stress][-ate]

2012-12-30

 英語の英米差については ame_bre ほか,多くの記事で触れてきた.文法と綴字については「#312. 文法の英米差」 ([2010-03-05-1]) と「#244. 綴字の英米差のリスト」 ([2009-12-27-1]) で少しくまとめたが,今回は主として発音と語彙における変異について,Schmitt and Marsden (185--92) に従って一覧したい.言うまでもなく,英米差というときには,標準アメリカ英語と標準イギリス英語の変異を念頭に置いている.

1. Pronunciation

 ・ Words spelled with the vowel a: /æ/ for AmE and /ɑː/ for BrE as in bath, class, last, mask, past, rather.
 ・ Words spelled with -er: /əː/ for AmE and /ɑː/ for BrE as in clerk, Derby (see 「#211. spelling pronunciation」 ([2009-11-24-1]))
 ・ Words ending with -ile: /(ə)l/ for AmE and /aɪl/ for BrE as in agile, docile, fertile, missile
 ・ Words spelled alike but typically pronounced differently (z については「#964. z の文字の発音 (1)」 ([2011-12-17-1]) および「#965. z の文字の発音 (2)」 ([2011-12-18-1]) を参照)
WordAmEBrE
asthma/ˈæzma//ˈæsma/
clique/klɪk//kliːk/
vase/veɪs//vɑːz/
schedule/ˈskɛʤəl//ˈʃɛdjuːl/
leisure/ˈliːʒəː//ˈlɛʒəː/
lieutenant/luːˈtɛnənt//lɛfˈtɛnənt/
z (the letter)/ziː//zɛd/
tomato/tʌˈmeɪtəʊ//tʌˈmɑːtəʊ/


2. Word Stress

 ・ Words derived from French (garage については「#1318. 言語において保守的とは何か?」 ([2012-12-05-1]) を参照)
AmEBrE
balLETBALlet
blaSÉBLAse
bufFETBUFfet
garAGEGARage
perFUMEPERfume
debuTANTEDEButante
vaLETVAlet

 ・ Three- and four-syllable words
AmEBrE
comPOSiteCOMposite
subALternSUBaltern
arIStocratARistocrat
priMARilyPRImarily

 ・ Words ending in -ary, -ery, -ory and -mony
WordAmEBrE
military/ˈmɪləˌtɛri//ˈmɪlɪtri/
arbitrary/ˈərbəˌtrɛri//ˈɑːbɪtri/
cemetery/ˈsɛməˌtɛri//ˈsɛmətri/
monastery/ˈmɒnəsˌtɛri//ˈmɒnəstri/
mandatory/ˈmændəˌtɔri//ˈmændətri/
category/ˈkætəˌgɔri//ˈkætəgri/
testimony/ˈtɛstəˌməʊni//ˈtɛstəməni/
matrimony/ˈmætrəˌməʊni//ˈmætrɪməni/

 ・ Days of the week
WordAmEBrE
Sunday/ˈsʌndɛɪ//ˈsʌndi/
Monday/ˈmʌndɛɪ//ˈmʌndi/
Tuesday/ˈˈtuːzdɛɪ//ˈtjuːzdi/
Thursday/ˈθəːzdɛɪ//ˈθəːzdi/
Friday/ˈfraɪdɛɪ//ˈfraɪdi/
Saturday/ˈsætəːdɛɪ//ˈsætəːdi/

 ・ Place-names
NameAmEBrE
Lancaster/ˈlæŋˌkæstər//ˈlæŋkəstə/
Rochester/ˈrɒʧɛstər//ˈrɒʧəstə/
Worcester/ˈwʊəsɛstər//ˈwʊstə/
Nottingham/ˈnɒtɪŋˌhæm//ˈnɒtɪŋəm/
Birmingham/ˈbəːmɪŋˌhæm//ˈbəːmɪŋəm/

 ・ Verbs ending in -ate (「#1242. -ate 動詞の強勢移行」 ([2012-09-20-1]) を参照)
AmEBrE
DICtatedicTATE
FIXatefixATE
ROtateroTATE
VIbratevibRATE

 ・ Miscellaneous word-stress differences (「#321. controversy over controversy」 ([2010-03-14-1]) を参照)
WordAmEBrE
advertisement/ˈædvəːˌtaɪzmənt//ædˈvəːtəzmənt/
controversy/ˈkɒntrəˌvəːsi//kɒnˈtrɒvəsi/
corollary/ˈkʊrəˌlɛri//kɒˈrɒləri/
inquiry/ˈɪnkwəri//ɪnˈkwaɪri/
laboratory/ˈlæbrəˌtʊəri//ləˈbɒrətri/


3. Vocabulary (「#1331. 語彙の英米差を整理するための術語」 ([2012-12-18-1]) を参照)

 ・ synonymic variables
AmEBrE
railroadrailway
engineerdriver
conductorguard
baggageluggage
trucklorry
hood (car)bonnet
trunk (car)boot
fender (car)bumper
gasolinepetrol
subwayunderground
counterclockwiseanticlockwise
thumbtackdrawing pin
flashlighttorch
elevatorlift
apartmentflat
mailpost
vacationholiday
garbage candustbin
barpub
druggistchemist
French frieschips
potato chipscrisps
cookiebiscuit
trailercaravan
round-trip ticketreturn ticket
one-way ticketsingle ticket

 ・ lexical classes of variables
AmEBrE
underwearpants
pantstrousers
vestwaistcoat
diapernappy
first floorground floor
second floorfirst floor
sidewalkpavement
pavementroad


4. Idioms

AmEBrE
a home away from homea home from home
leave well enough aloneleave well alone
sweep under the rugsweep under the carpet


5. Grammar

 ・ Prepositions
AmEBrE
on a streetin a street
fill out a formfill in a form
check out somethingchuck up on something
on the weekendat the weekend
of two mindsin two minds
to all tastesfor all tastes

 ・ Definite article
AmEBrE
in the hospitalin hospital
in the futurein future
go to the universitygo to university


 ・ Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.

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