#1290. 黙字と黙字をもたらした音韻消失等の一覧[spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][orthography][silent_letter][etymological_respelling]

　昨日の記事「#1289. magic <e>」 ([2012-11-06-1]) に引き続き，綴字と発音の話題．現代英語の綴字と発音の乖離のなかでも，特に黙字 (silent_letter) と呼ばれる種類のものがある．綴字が無音に対応するケースだ．debt の <b> や island の <s> は，語源（後者は誤った語源）を参照して挿入された黙字の例 (etymological_respelling) だが，多くの黙字は，標準的な綴字が定まりかけていた時期，あるいは定まった後に，対応する音韻が消失したことにより生じたものである．Schmitt and Marsden (137) に，主として音韻消失により生じた黙字が便利に一覧されているので，以下にまとめたい．

Silent letter	Examples	Reason
k before n	knight, knee	k ceased to be pronounced during C17 (17th century); see [2009-08-27-1], [2012-04-26-1].
g before n	gnat, gnaw	g ceased to be pronounced during C16
m before n	mnemonic	Greek spelling; m never pronounced in English
p before n	pneumonia	Greek spelling; p never pronounced in English
p before s	psyche, psychology	Greek spelling; p pronounced by learned people probably until C18
w before r	wrist, wrong	w probably no longer pronounced after C16m (mid-16th century)
w after s	sword	w probably no longer pronounced after C17m
l after a and before f or v	calf, half	l probably not pronounced after ME
l after a and before k	talk, chalk	l probably not pronounced after ME
l after a and before m	calm, palm	l probably not pronounced after ME
l in modal verbs	should, could	l ceased to be pronounced soon after ME in should; never pronounced in could (added to spelling by analogy with should)
g after a vowel and before m or n	sign, paradigm	g reflects French/Latin original spellings but was probably never pronounced in English
word-final b after m	bomb, thumb	b in some words never pronounced (crumb), in others it ceased to be pronounced quite early (thumb), in still others in EModE (dumb); see [2009-06-01-1], [2011-04-21-1].
word-final n after m	autumn, column	n reflects original French spelling but never pronounced in English
t after s or f and before -en	listen, soften	t ceased to be pronounced in EModE; see [2010-05-11-1].
word-initial h	honest, hour	The loanwords are French, where h not pronounced; English usually follows this, but sometimes not (e.g., host)

　・ Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.

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