形容詞や副詞の比較級接尾辞 -er と最上級接尾辞 -est が，いかにして現代の形態として定着したのか．この問題には，ゲルマン祖語以降，古英語を経て中英語に至るまでの様々な変化が複雑に関わっており，まったく単純ではない．また，比較級と最上級を作るには，もう1つ迂言的な方法があり，それぞれ more, most を付けるとされるが，歴史的にはこれらと上記接尾辞の形態との関わりも深い（cf. 「#1307. most と mest」 ([2012-11-24-1])，「#1320. LAEME で見る most の異形態の分布」 ([2012-12-07-1])）．さらに，foremost や utmost に見られる -most というまた別の最上級接尾辞も存在し，これらのお互いの関係も入り組んでいる．
今後，これらの問題を1つひとつ紐解いていきたいと考えている．まずは，形容詞（副詞ではなく）の比較級 -er と最上級 -est の起源について調べてみた．Lass (§6.3.2; pp. 149--50) を引用することから始めよう．
There were two regular comparative/superlative formations in Germanic, which can be illustrated by Gothic and Old English forms:
(6.33) A. */-iz-, -ist-/ Positive Comparative Superlative Go alþ-eis 'old' alþ-iz-a alþ-ist-s OE eald ield-ra ield-est B. */-o:z-, -o:st-/ Positive Comparative Superlative Go arm-s 'poor' arm-ōz-a arm-ōst-s OE earm earm-ra earm-ost/-ast
Type A reflects an IE suffix found in Latin comparatives of the type mai-ōr-em 'greater' (acc [s]g) < */mag-jo:s-m̥/; the zero-grade is /-is-/, and this remnant gives (by Verner's Law) Gothic -iz-, and later with rhotacism OE -r-. The -a ending is probably from the weak n-stem noun declension. This suffix of course causes umlaut of the root vowel, and leaves behind a front /e/ in the superlative.
The B suffix is a Germanic development of unclear antecedents; it may reflect an original a-stem (OE o-stem) ablative ending */-o:-d/, which was used to form adverbs (type: L subit-ō 'suddenly', Go ga-leik-ō 'similarly': see §8.4.2). One possible scenario (Krahe 1965: §56) is a development in these adverbs of a comparative in */-o:is-/, later */-o:-s/; this served as an analogical target for the creation of a new suffix, and its extension to the adjective. Be that as it may, both A and B suffixes appear in all the Germanic dialects, but distributed differently; the A type is commoner in Gothic, the B type in NGmc and OE, while OHG shows a pretty even mixture.
In OE, the choice of one or the other seems to be largely lexically determined; the adjectives that most often have type A are eald (ieldra, ieldest), geong 'young' (gi(e)ngra), hēah 'high' (hīer(r)a, lang 'long' (lengra), sceort 'short' (scyrtra); others that occasionally show it are brād 'broad' (brǣdra ～ brādra, strang 'strong' (strengra ～ strangra. Some basic A adjectives sometimes have B forms as well, e.g. geong with mainly gi(e)ngra but occasionally geongra.
現代英語の形容詞の比較級接尾辞 -er については，ゲルマン祖語や古英語の A と B の2つのタイプに遡り得るが，いずれが直接の起源であるのかは即断できない．基体の i-mutation を伴わない B タイプのほうが有力候補と私は睨んでいるが，そもそも B については，その究極の起源が不詳という事情もある．そこには副詞形成語尾が関わっている可能性があり，形容詞の枠内で論じ切ることはできなさそうだ．一方，現代の最上級接尾辞 -est については，形態的に A タイプに遡るとみてよいだろう．
すでに状況は複雑だ．
・ Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
・ Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.
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