英語には,近代以降の連綿と続く "the complaint tradition" (不平不満の伝統)があり,"the complaint literature" (不平不満の文献)が蓄積されてきた.例えば,「#301. 誤用とされる英語の語法 Top 10」 ([2010-02-22-1]) で示した類いの,「こんな英語は受け入れられない!」という叫びのことである.典型的に新聞の投書欄などに寄せられてきた.
この伝統は,標準英語がほぼ確立した後で,規範主義的な風潮が感じられるようになってきた王政復古あたりの時代に遡る.著名人でいえば,John Dryden (1631--1700) や,少し後の Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) が伝統の最初期の担い手といえるだろう(cf. 「#3220. イングランド史上初の英語アカデミーもどきと Dryden の英語史上の評価」 ([2018-02-19-1]),「#1947. Swift の clipping 批判」([2014-08-26-1])).
Milroy and Milroy によれば,この伝統には2つのタイプがあるという.両者は重なる場合もあるが,目的が異なっており,基本的には別物と考える必要がある.まずは Type 1 から.
Type 1 complaints, which are implicitly legalistic and which are concerned with correctness, attack 'mis-use' of specific parts of the phonology, grammar, vocabulary of English (and in the case of written English 'errors' of spelling, punctuation, etc.). . . . The correctness tradition (Type 1) is wholly dedicated to the maintenance of the norms of Standard English in preference to other varieties: sometimes writers in this tradition attempt to justify the usages they favour and condemn those they dislike by appeals to logic, etymology and so forth. Very often, however, they make no attempt whatever to explain why one usage is correct and another incorrect: they simply take it for granted that the proscribed form is obviously unacceptable and illegitimate; in short, they believe in a transcendental norm of correct English. / . . . . Type 1 complaints (on correctness) may be directed against 'errors' in either spoken or written language, and they frequently do not make a very clear distinction between the two. (30--31)
Type 1 は,いわゆる最も典型的なタイプであり,上で前提とし,簡単に説明してきた種類の不平不満である.「誤用批判」とくくってよいだろう.このタイプの伝統が標準英語を維持 (maintenance) する機能を担ってきたという指摘もおもしろい.
次に挙げる Type 2 は Type 1 ほど知られていないが,やはり Swift あたりにまで遡る伝統がある.
Type 2 complaints, which we may call 'moralistic', recommend clarity in writing and attack what appear to be abuses of language that may mislead and confuse the public. . . . / Type 2 complaints do not devote themselves to stigmatising specific errors in grammar, phonology, and so on. They accept the fact of standardisation in the written channel, and they are concerned with clarity, effectiveness, morality and honesty in the public use of the standard language. Sometimes elements of Type 1 can enter into Type 2 complaints, in that the writers may sometimes condemn non-standard usage in the belief that it is careless or in some way reprehensible; yet the two types of complaints can in general be sharply distinguished. The most important modern author in this second tradition is George Orwell . . . (30)
Type 1 を "the correctness tradition" と呼ぶならば,Type 2 は "the moralistic tradition" と呼んでよいだろう.引用にあるように,George Orwell (1903--50) が最も著名な主唱者である.Type 2 を代表する近年の動きとしては,1979年に始められた "Plain English Campaign" がある.公的な情報には誰にでも分かる明快な言葉遣いを心がけるべきだと主張する組織であり,明快な英語で書かれた文書に "Crystal Mark" を付す活動を行なっているほか,毎年,明快な英語に対して賞を贈っている.
・ Milroy, Lesley and James Milroy. Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation. 4th ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.
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