本ブログでは,言語交替 (language_shift) の話題を何度か取り上げてきたが,今回は原点に戻って定義を考えてみよう.Trudgill と Crystal の用語集によれば,それぞれ次のようにある.
language shift The opposite of language maintenance. The process whereby a community (often a linguistic minority) gradually abandons its original language and, via a (sometimes lengthy) stage of bilingualism, shifts to another language. For example, between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries, Ireland shifted from being almost entirely Irish-speaking to being almost entirely English-speaking. Shift most often takes place gradually, and domain by domain, with the original language being retained longest in informal family-type contexts. The ultimate end-point of language shift is language death. The process of language shift may be accompanied by certain interesting linguistic developments such as reduction and simplification. (Trudgill)
language shift A term used in sociolinguistics to refer to the gradual or sudden move from the use of one language to another, either by an individual or by a group. It is particularly found among second- and third-generation immigrants, who often lose their attachment to their ancestral language, faced with the pressure to communicate in the language of the host country. Language shift may also be actively encouraged by the government policy of the host country. (Crystal)
言語交替は個人や集団に突然起こることもあるが,近代アイルランドの例で示されているとおり,数世代をかけて,ある程度ゆっくりと進むことが多い.関連して,言語交替はしばしば bilingualism の段階を経由するともあるが,ときにそれが制度化して diglossia の状態を生み出す場合もあることに触れておこう.
また,言語交替は移民の間で生じやすいことも触れられているが,敷衍して言えば,人々が移動するところに言語交替は起こりやすいということだろう(「#3065. 都市化,疫病,言語交替」 ([2017-09-17-1])).
アイルランドで歴史的に起こった(あるいは今も続いている)言語交替については,「#2798. 嶋田 珠巳 『英語という選択 アイルランドの今』 岩波書店,2016年.」 ([2016-12-24-1]),「#1715. Ireland における英語の歴史」 ([2014-01-06-1]),「#2803. アイルランド語の話者人口と使用地域」 ([2016-12-29-1]),「#2804. アイルランドにみえる母語と母国語のねじれ現象」 ([2016-12-30-1]) を参照.
・ Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
・ Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
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