英語史年表は，どの概説書にも記載があるしオンラインでも見つけられる（例えば英語の歴史年表―前史・古英語期）が，本ブログとしての版も作成してゆこうと考えている．たたき台として，Crystal (298--300) の略年表を再現したものを掲げておく．その他，直接間接に英語史に関連する年表は timeline を参照．

449		Invasion by Angles, Saxons, and Jutes
450--480		Earliest runic inscriptions in Old English
597		Augustine brings Christianity to Kent
680		Approximate earliest date for the composition of Beowulf
700		Approximate dating of earliest Old English manuscripts
735		Death of the Venerable Bede
787		Viking raids begin
871		Alfred becomes King of Wessex
886		Danelaw boundaries settled
950--1000		Approximate dates of the main Old English poetry collections
1016--1042		Cnut and his sons reign
1066		Norman Conquest
1150--1200		Earliest texts in Middle English
1171		Henry II's invasion of Ireland
1204		France reconquers Normandy
1250--1300		Edward I's campaigns against the Welsh and Scots
1362		English first used at the opening of Parliament
1375--1400		Chaucer's main works written
1384		Wyclif's translation of the Bible
1400--1450		The Great Vowel Shift
1400--1600		Main period of older Scots literature
1476		Introduction of printing
1475--1650		Renaissance loan words into English
1549		Book of Common Prayer written
1560--1620		English plantation settlements in Ireland
1584		Roanoke settlement in America
1590--1616		Shakespeare's main works written
1600		East India Company established trading posts in India
1603		Act of Union of the crowns of England and Scotland
1604		Publication of Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall
1607		First permanent English settlement in America
1609		First English settlement in the Caribbean
1611		Authorized Version of the Bible
1619		Arrival of first African slaves in North America
1620		Arrival of the Pilgrim Fathers in America
1623		First Folio of Shakespeare's plays published
1627		British established in Barbados
1655		British acquire Jamaica from Spain
1707		Union of the Parliaments of England and Scotland
1712		Jonathan Swift's proposal for an English Academy
1713		British control in eastern Canada recognized
1721		Publication of Nathaniel Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary
1755		Publication of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language
1762		Publication of Robert Lowth's Short Introduction to English Grammar
1765--1947		British Raj in India
1776		American independence declared
1780--1800		First wave of emigration to Canada from the USA
1783		Loss of American colonies of Britain
1788		Establishment of first penal colony in Australia
1791		Establishment of Upper and Lower Canada
1794		Publication of Lindley Murray's English Grammar
1800--1910		Main period of European emigration to the USA
1802		Ceylon and Trinidad ceded to Britain
1803		Act of Union between Britain and Ireland
1806		British control established in South Africa
1808		Sierra Leone made colony
1814		Tobago, Mauritius, St Lucia and Malta ceded to Britain
1816		Colony of Bathurst (Gambia) established
1819		British established Singapore
1828		Publication of Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language
1840		Official colony established in New Zealand
1842		Hong Kong ceded to Britain
1861		Lagos (Nigeria) established as colony
1865--1900		Movement of blacks to northern parts of the USA after the American Civil War
1867		Independence of Canada
1874		Gold Coast (Ghana) established as colony
1884--1928		Publication of the Oxford English Dictionary
1888--1894		British protectorates established in Kenya, Zanzibar, Uganda
1901		Independence of Australia
1907		Independence of New Zealand
1910		Union of South Africa established
1919		Tanganyika ceded to Britain
1922		Partition of Northern Ireland and Eire
1922		Establishment of the BBC
1925		Afrikaans given official status in South Africa
1931		British Commonwealth recognized
1947		Independence of India
1948		Independence of Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
1957		Independence of Ghana
1957--63		Independence of Malaysia
1960		Independence of Nigeria
1940--1975		Main period of immigration to Britain from Europe, Caribbean and Asia
1961		Independence of Sierra Leone and Cyprus
1962		Independence of Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda
1963		Independence of Kenya
1964		Independence of Tanzania, Malawi, Malta, Zambia
1965		Independence of The Gambia, Singapore
1966		Independence of Guyana, Botswana, Lesotho, Barbados
1968		Independence of Mauritius, Swaziland, Nauru
1970--1984		Independence of possessions in Caribbean and Pacific
1972		Independence of Bangladesh
1972		First network e-mail sent
1975		Independence of Papua New Guinea
1977		Voyager spacecraft leaves with English message
1984		Independence of Brunei
1986		Independence of Marshall Islands
1988		CD-ROM of the Oxford English Dictionary
1990		Independence of Namibia
1991		Independence of the Federated States of Micronesia
1991		Implementation of the World Wide Web
1994		Independence of Palau
2000		Oxford English Dictionary goes online

　・ Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
　・ 寺澤 芳雄，川崎 潔　編　『英語史総合年表?英語史・英語学史・英米文学史・外面史?』　研究社，1993年．

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　「#777. 英語史略年表」 ([2011-06-13-1]) では，Crystal 版の英語史略年表を掲載したが，今回は Fennell 版を再現する．Fennell では各章の最初に対象となっている時代に関する年表が載せられており，以下はそれをほぼ忠実に編集したまでで，細かくは整理していない．Fennell の著書の題名から予想されるとおり，社会史的な側面が強く反映されている年表である．

8000 BC		Hunter groups move into Lapland
7000 BC		Wheat, barley and pulses cultivated from Anatolia to Pakistan; goats and pigs domesticated
7000 BC		Farming developed on Indian subcontinent; barley main crop
6500 BC		Adoption of farming in Balkan region; beginning of the European Neolithic spread of domestic animals, probably from Anatolia
6200 BC		Farming villages established in the west and central Mediterranean
5200 BC		First farmers of central Europe spread northwest as far as the Netherlands
4500 BC		Cattle used as plough animals in lower Danube region
4500 BC		First megalithic tombs built in western Europe
4400 BC		Domestication of horse on Eurasian Steppes
4200 BC		Earliest copper mines in eastern Europe
4200 BC		Agriculture begins south of the Ganges
3800 BC		Ditched enclosures around settlements in western Europe, forming defended villages
3500 BC		New faming practices: animals increasingly used for traction, wool and milk; simple plough (ard) now used in northern and western Europe
3250 BC		Earliest writing from western Mesopotamia: pictographic clay used for commercial accounts
3200 BC		First wheeled vehicles in Europe (found in Hungary)
3100 BC		Cuneiform script developed in Mesopotamia
3000 BC		Construction of walled citadels in Mediterranean Europe and development of successful metal industry
2900 BC		Appearance of Corded Ware pottery in northern Europe
2500 BC		Bell beakers found in western Europe, often associated with individual burials
2500 BC		Development of urban civilization in the Indian Plain
2500 BC		Earliest syllabic script used in Sumerian literature
2300 BC		Beginning of full European Bronze Age
2000 BC		Fortified settlements in east and central Europe point to increasing social and economic pressures
1900 BC		Cretan hieroglyphic writing
1850 BC		Horses used for the first time to pull light carts in the western Steppes
1650 BC		Linear A script (Crete and the Cyclades)
1650 BC		City-states of central Anatolia unified to form the Hittite kingdom with a strongly fortified capital at Boğazköy
1400 BC		Linear B script (mainland and islands of Greece)
1400 BC		Development of pastoral nomadism on the Steppes: cattle herded from horseback
1300 BC		Westward spread of urnfield cemeteries
1200 BC		Collapse of Hittite empire
1000 BC		Hillforts in Western Europe
1000 BC		Full nomadic economy on the Steppes based on rearing horses, cattle and sheep
850 BC		First settlement at Rome; cluster of huts on Palatine Hill
800 BC		Establishment of culture north and east of Alps --- first stage of Celtic Iron Age (Hallstatt)
800 BC		Rise of Etruscan city-states in central Italy
800 BC		Rise of cities and states in Ganges Valley supported by rice farming
750 BC		First Greek alphabetic inscription
750 BC		Ironworking spreads to Britain
750 BC		Earliest Greek colonies set up from western Mediterranean to the eastern shores of the Black Sea
690 BC		Etruscan script developed from Greek
600 BC		Trade between Celts north west of Alps and Greek colonies of the west Mediterranean; rich wagon burials attest to wealth and power of Celtic elite
600 BC		Latin script
600 BC		Central lowlands of northern Europe first settled
600 BC		First Greek coins
480 BC		2nd stage of European Bronze Age (La Tène)
480 BC		Emergence of classical period of Greek arts and architecture
480 BC		City-states reach height of importance
460 BC		Parchment replaces clay tablets for Aramaic administrative documents
450 BC		Athens, the greatest Greek city-state, reaches the peak of its power
400 BC		Carthage dominates the west Mediterranean
390 BC		Celts sack Rome
334 BC--329 BC		Alexander the Great invades Asia Minor, conquers Egypt and Persia and reaches India; Hellenism established in Asia
331 BC		Alexandria founded
250 BC		Brahmin alphabetic script in India
250 BC		All of peninsular Italy controlled by Rome
206 BC		Rome gains control of Spain
146 BC		Romans destroy the Greek states but Greek culture still important and Greek artists brought to Rome
146 BC		Roman destruction of Carthage
55 BC		Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain
27 BC		Augustus sole ruler of Roman empire
43--50		Emperor Claudius invades Britain
50		Rome largest city in the world --- population 1 million
117		Roman empire reaches its greatest extent
125		Hadrian's Wall built
285		Administrative separation of eastern and western halves of Roman empire
313		Edict of Milan: toleration of Christianity in Roman empire
330		Constantine founds Constantinople as new eastern capital of the Roman empire
410		Sack of Rome by Visigoths leading to collapse of western Roman empire
410		Romans withdraw from Britain
429		German (Vandal) kingdom in north Africa
449		Angles, Saxons and Jutes invade Britain
597		St Augustine introduces Christianity to the English
787		Scandinavian invasions begin
793		Sacking of Lindisfarne
878		King Alfred defeats the Danes at Eddington
878		Treaty of Wedmore
899		King Alfred dies
1016		Danish King Cnut rules England
1042		Accession of Edward the Confessor to the English throne
1066		Battle of Hastings; Norman Conquest
1095		First Crusade
1170		Assassination of Thomas à Becket
1204		King John loses lands in Normandy
1259--1265		The Barons' War
1337--1453		The Hundred Years War
1340--1400		Geoffrey Chaucer
1346		Battle of Crecy
1346		Battle of Poitiers
1348--1351		The Black Death
1362		Parliament opened in English
1362		The Statute of Pleading (English becomes the official language of legal proceedings)
1381		The Peasants' Revolt
1415		Battle of Agincourt
1476		Caxton introduces the printing press
1489		French no longer used as the language of Parliament
1509		Henry VIII ascends the throne
1534		Act of Supremacy
1536		Small monasteries dissolved
1536		Statute incorporates all of Wales with England
1539		English translation of Bible in every church
1547		Edward VI
1553		Mary Tudor
1554		Mary marries Philip of Spain
1558		Elizabeth I
1559		Act of Supremacy restores laws of Henry VIII
1574		First company of actors; theatre building begins
1577		Sir Francis Drake plunders west coast of South America
1584		Colonists at Roanoke
1600		British East India Company founded
1600		Population of England c.2.5 million
1603		James I
1605		Barbados, West Indies, claimed as English colony
1606		Virginia Company of London sends 120 colonists to Virginia
1607		Jamestown, Virginia, is established by London Co. as the first permanent English settlement in America
1611		King James Bible
1616		Death of Shakespeare
1620		The Pilgrims arrive at Plymouth Rock on the Mayflower
1621		English attempt to colonize Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
1625		Charles I
1627		Charles I grants charter to the Guiana Company
1633		English trading post established in Bengal
1637		English traders established in Canton
1639		English established at Madras
1642--1646		Civil War
1646		English occupy the Bahamas
1648		Second Civil War
1649		Cromwell invades Ireland
1649		Charles I beheaded
1649		Charles II
1649		Commonwealth established
1653		Cromwell becomes Lord Protector
1655		English capture Jamaica
1660		Charles II restored to throne
1663		Charles II grants charter to Royal African Company
1668		British East India Company gains control of Bombay
1670		English settlement in Charles Town, later Charleston, South Carolina
1680--1689		Welsh Quakers settle in large numbers in Pennsylvania
1680--1689		First German immigrants in America
1684		Bermudas become Crown Colony
1689		William and Mary proclaimed king and queen in England and Ireland
1690		Calcutta founded
1690		Population of England c.5 million
1700		Population of England and Scotland 7.5 million
1707		Union of England and Scotland as Great Britain
1707		British land in Acadia, Canada
1710		English South Sea Company founded
1727		George II
1729		North and South Carolina become Crown Colonies
1729		Benjamin and James Franklin publish 'The Pennsylvania Gazette'
1744		Robert Clive arrives at Madras
1756--1763		The French and Indian War in North America
1759		British take Quebec from the French
1760		George III
1762		British capture Martinique, Grenada, Havana and Manila
1765--1947		British Raj in India
1770		James Cook discovers Botany Bay, Australia
1774		Parliament passes the Stamp Act, unifying the colonies against the British
1775		The East India, or Tea, Act prompts the Boston Teat Party
1775--1783		American War of Independence
1776		American Declaration of Independence
1776		The Revolutionary War begins
1778		Cook discovers Hawaii
1783		The Treaty of Paris successfully ends the Revolution
1783		British recognize US independence
1784		Pitt's India Act: East India Company under government control
1786		Penang ceded to Great Britain
1789		George Washington inaugurated as first US President
1790		The first penal colony established in Sydney, Australia
1795, 1806		British forces occupy Cape of Good Hope
1800		British capture Malta
1803		The Louisiana Purchase doubles the size of US territory
1810		British seize Guadeloupe
1811		British occupy Java
1812--1814		War of 1812 between the USA and Britain
1819		Florida purchased by the USA from Spain
1819		British settlement established in Singapore by East India Company
1822		English becomes the official language of the Eastern Cape of South Africa
1822		Liberia founded --- Africa's oldest republic
1824		Erie Canal opens, strengthening east-west trade, but increasing the isolation of the south
1824		British take Rangoon, Burma
1828		The Baltimore and Ohio Railway opens
1832		Britain occupies the Falkland Islands
1837		Queen Victoria
1837		The electric telegraph demonstrated by Samuel Morse
1840		New Zealand becomes an official colony
1840		Penny post introduced in Britain
1842		Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain
1848		Gold discovered in California
1849		Gold Rush
1851		Victoria, Australia, proclaimed separate colony
1852		New constitution for New Zealand
1858		Powers of East India Company transferred to British Crown
1860		Kowloon added to British territories in South-East Asia
1861		Civil War begins with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter
1861		British Colony founded in Lagos, Nigeria
1863		Emancipation of the slaves is proclaimed, as of 1 January
1865		General Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox
1865		President Lincoln is assassinated, five days later
1867		Alaska is purchased from Russia, becoming the 49th state in 1959
1867		Federal Malay States become a Crown Colony
1869		The first transcontinental railroad is completed
1876		Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone
1877		Edison invents the phonograph
1878		David Hughes invents the microphone
1879		London opens its first telephone exchange
1884		Papua New Guinea becomes British protectorate
1885		Britain established protectorate over Northern Bechuanaland, Niger River Region and southern New Guinea, and occupies Port Hamilton, Korea
1886		First Indian National Congress meets
1887		First Colonial Conference opens in London
1888		Cecil Rhodes granted mining rights by King of Matabele
1890		Rhodes becomes Premier of Cape Colony
1893		Uganda united as British protectorate
1893		USA annexes Hawaii
1895		Marconi invents radiotelegraphy
1895		Auguste and Louis Lumière invent the motion-picture camera
1895		British South Africa Company territory south of the Zambezi River becomes Rhodesia
1898		America receives Guam and sovereignty over the Philippines
1898		New Territories leased by Britain from China for 99 years
1899		First magnetic sound recordings
1899--1902		Boer War
1900		R. A. Fessenden transmits the human voice via radio waves
1900		British capture Bloemfontein, relieve Mafeking, annex Orange Free State and Transvaal and take Pretoria and Johannesburg Commonwealth of Australia created
1901		Marconi transmits radiotelegraph messages from Cornwall to New Zealand
1901		End of Queen Victoria's reign
1903		Ford Motor Company founded
1903		Orville and Wilbur Wright make the first successful manned flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
1903		British conquer northern Nigeria
1907		New Zealand becomes a dominion within the British Empire
1908		Union of South Africa established
1908		Henry Ford introduces the mass-produced Model T
1914		Panama Canal opened
1914--1918		World War I
1916		USA purchases Danish West Indies (Virgin Islands)
1917		USA purchases Dutch West Indies
1919		League of Nations founded
1920		Gandhi emerges as leader of India
1920		Kenya becomes British colony
1921		British Broadcasting Corporation founded
1921		First Indian Parliament meets
1924		The National Origins Act marks the official end of large-scale immigration to America; from this point on numbers are restricted and quotas are introduced
1924		British Imperial Airways founded
1925		John Logie Baird transmits a picture of a human face via television
1928		John Logie Baird demonstrates first colour television
1929		Teleprinters and teletypewriters first used
1929		First scheduled TV broadcasts in Schernectedy, New York
1929		First talking pictures made
1936		BBC London television service begins
1938		Lajos Biró invents the ball-point pen
1939--1945		World War II
1942		First computer developed in the United States
1942		Magnetic recording tape invented
1944		First telegraph line used between Washington and Baltimore
1945		United Nations founded
1946		Chester Carlson invents Xerography
1946		Philippines become independent from the United States
1947		Transistor invented at Bell Laboratories
1947		India proclaimed independent
1948		Peter Goldmark invents the long-playing record
1951		Colour TV introduced into USA (15 million TV sets in USA)
1952		Accession of Queen Elizabeth II
1957		Common Market established by Treaty of Rome
1957		Malaysian independence
1958		First stereophonic recordings
1962--1975		Uganda, Kenya, Zambia (Northern Rhodesia), Malawi, Malta, Gambia, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Guyana, Mauritius, Nigeria, Bahamas, Papua New Guinea all become independent of Great Britain
1965		Atlantic cable completed
1968		Intelsar communication satellite launched
1989		South Africa desegregated
1997		Hong Kong rule returns to China

　・ Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
　・ Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.

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　昨日の記事「#1368. Fennell 版，英語史略年表」 ([2013-01-24-1]) に引き続き，今日はフィシャク版の年表を再現する．日本語での英語史年表もあると便利だと思い，和訳に従った (207--10) ．同じ英語史の年表といっても，作成者によって力点が異なるものであり，それぞれに特徴がある．年表も確かに1つの歴史記述の方法であるということを認識させられる．

55, 54 BC		ユーリウス・カエサルが軍隊を率いてブリテン島に上陸
43 BC		ローマ帝国による組織的なブリテン島征服が始まる
end of C3		ゲルマン人諸部族による最初のブリテン島攻撃
367		スコット人（アイルランドから），ピクト人（北から），サクソン人（東から）が，ローマ支配下のブリテン島を攻撃
375		フン族の西進を逃れようと西ゴート族がドナウ川を渡りローマ領内に侵入し，ゲルマン民族の大移動が始まる．ローマ帝国が大打撃を受ける
383		ローマ軍がローマに召喚される
410		最後のローマ軍団がブリテン島から撤退
449		ゲルマン人部族がブリテン島に侵入し，征服を始める
c500		「バドニクス丘」の戦いで侵入者ゲルマン人が敗れ，ブリテン島征服は南部において一時中断
547?		ハンバー川以北にアングル族が王国を建てる
597		聖アウグスティヌスがケント王国に到着し，ブリテン島南部に住んでいたゲルマン人にキリスト教の布教を始める
634		アイルランドの修道僧がノーサンブリアのキリスト教化に乗り出す
655		マーシアのキリスト教改宗がノーサンブリアとアイルランドの宣教師たちの手により完了
664		ノーサンブリアにおいて，ホイットビー教会会議が開かれる．ブリテン島やアイルランドのキリスト教がローマ教会に統一される契機となる
c725		口承による『ベーオウルフ』がこの頃完成される
787		デーン人の侵攻が始まる
865		デーン人侵攻の第2期
871--899		アルフレッド大王の治世
879		アルフレッド大王と（グスルムが率いる）デーン人との間でウェドモアの協定．デーンロー地域の確定
886		アルフレッド大王がロンドンを占領．グスルムの王国を除く全イングランドがその統治権を認める
964		修道院の改革が始まり，英語の標準化に影響を与える
973		エドガーがバースにおいて，初めてキリスト教の儀式による戴冠式を挙げ，（デーンロー地域を含む）全イングランドの最初の王となる
991		オラフ・トリュグヴァソンがイギリスに侵攻．デーン人侵攻の第3期が始まる
1066		ウィリアム征服王がヘースティングズの戦いで勝利をおさめ，ノルマン人の英国征服が始まる．フランス語とラテン語が英語に代わって公用語となる
1154		『ピーターバラ年代記』と呼ばれる写本の記録はこの年で終結する．（一般に『アングロ・サクソン年代記』と呼ばれる．写本は7つあり，カエサルの侵入から始まっている．）
1204		ジョン王がフランス国王フィリップ2世に敗れ，ノルマンディーがフランス王の手に渡る．イギリスの民族主義が高まり始める
1250		英国貴族の二重忠節が終結し，フランス語を重んずる必要がなくなる
1258		ヘンリー3世が，ノルマン人の英国征服以降初めて英語で布告を出す
1295		チェルムズフォードの裁判所で，文書が英語とフランス語の両語で読まれる
1337--1453		百年戦争．この戦争により，イギリス人はフランスのあらゆるものに対して敵愾心を抱くようになる
1344		大法官宛の請願書が初めて英語で書かれる
1348--1350		黒死病のため，イギリス社会に大規模な住民の移動がおこる
1362		国会が初めて英語で開会される．議会は「訴答手続法」を制定し，1363年1月以降はすべての訴訟手続，審議は英語で行なうことに決められる
1381		農民一揆がおこり，社会的変動の進行を加速する
c1385		英語がイングランド全域の学校で用いられるようになる
1413		ヘンリー4世が英国王として初めて英語で遺書を残す
1422		英語による最初の玉璽文書
1423		国会の議事録が英語で書かれ始める
c1430		町や同業組合の公文書に英語を用い始める
1476		ウィリアム・キャクストンがイングランドに戻り，ウエストミンスターに最初の印刷所をつくる
1499		キャクストンの後継者ピンソンが，英語・ラテン語の二言語語彙集，『子供のための言葉の宝庫』を出版する（書かれたのは1440年）．辞書編纂への一歩となる
1534		ヘンリー8世がローマ教会との関係を絶ち，英国国教会が成立
1564--1616		ウィリアム・シェークスピアの生涯
1586		ウィリアム・ブローカ著『文法のための小冊子』（同著者による現存しない文法書の簡易版）が出版される．最初の英文法書
1588		スペインの無敵艦隊に勝利．英語が世界に広がる端緒となる
1604		ロバート・コードリー著『アルファベット順語彙一覧』の出版．最初の英語の一言語辞典（英英辞典）
1607		アメリカに英語がもたらされる．今日のヴァージニア州に，入植者によってジェームズタウンが建設される
1611		欽定英訳聖書（ジェームズ王聖書）の出版
1639--1686		インド（マドラス，カルカッタ，ボンベイ）に英国の入植地が建設される
1642--1660		市民革命
1664		王立教会が「英語を改良するための」委員会を設置
1712		J. スウィフトによるオックスフォード伯への手紙が『英語の矯正，改良，確定のための提案』として出版され，アカデミーの設立を促す
1713		ノヴァスコシアがフランスからイギリスに譲渡される
1755		サミュエル・ジョンソン著『英語辞典』が出版される．19世紀末まで正しい英語の揺るぎない権威的存在となる
1759		ウルフ将軍がケベックの戦いでフランス軍に勝利
1761		インドがイギリスの植民地となる
1769--1777		キャプテン・クックが，南太平洋への航海途上で，オーストラリア，ニュージーランド，タスマニアをイギリス王領と宣言する
1775--1783		アメリカ独立戦争により，アメリカ合衆国の誕生
1788		オーストラリアのニューサウスウェールズに最初の流刑地植民地が建設される．ケープタウン（南アフリカ）にあるオランダ植民地がイギリス領有となる
1805		トラファルガーの海戦においてイギリス軍がフランス軍に勝利する．イギリスが海上覇権を掌握し植民地拡大への道を開く
1816		イギリスで最初の安価な新聞が発行され，英語に影響を与えるマスメディア時代が始まる
1840		ニュージーランドにおいて，イギリス植民地が建設される．イギリスの安価な郵便制度が文字通信の発達を促し，さらに英語が普及する
1858		『新英語辞典』（後に『オックスフォード英語辞典』と称される）の編集作業が始まる
1890--1910		数多くの発明や科学上の発見が，英語に前例のない大きな影響を与える
1899--1901		南アフリカのブール戦争において初期オランダ入植者の子孫が敗北．イギリスの覇権が確立
1914--1918		第1次世界大戦．英語の威信が高まる．フランス語は教育言語として，また外交言語としてさえ，その地位を失い始める（ヴェルサイユ条約がフランス語と英語で書かれる）
1939--1945		第2次世界大戦がさらに，英語の普及を押し進め，その威信を高める

　・ ヤツェク・フィシャク著，小林 正成・下内 充・中本 明子 訳　『英語史概説　第1巻外面史』　青山社，2006年．

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　[2011-06-13-1]の Crystal 版，[2013-01-24-1]の Fennel 版，[2013-01-25-1]のフィシャク版に引き続き，英語史年表シリーズ．今回は，Gelderen の英語史概説書 (313--17) より抜き書き．概説書にしてもそうだが，年表も，何度も同じもの，違うものを眺めていると，発見があるものである．

8000 BC		Hunter-gatherers move across Europe also into what is now the British Isles
6500 BC		Formation of English Channel
6000 BC		Shift to farming
3000 BC		Stonehenge culture
2500 BC		Bronze Age in Britain
1000 BC		Migrations of Celtic people to Britain begins
600 BC		Iron Age
55 BC--54 BC		Expeditions by Caesar
43		Invasion by Claudius
43--47		South and East England brought under Roman control
50		London founded
70--84		Wales, Northern England, and Scotland under Roman control
100--200		Uprisings in Scotland
122		Hadrian Walls begun
150		Small groups of settlers from the continent
410		Romans withdraw
450		Hengest and Horsa come to Kent ('invited' to hold back the Picts)
455		Hengest rebels against Vortigern
477		Saxons in Sussex
495		Saxons in Wessex
527		Saxon kingdoms in Essex and Middlesex
550		Anglian kingdoms in Mercia, Northumbria, and East Anglia
560		Æthelberht becomes King of Kent
597		Augustine missionaries land in Kent and conversion to Christianity starts
794		Scandinavian attacks on Lindisfarne, Jarrow, Iona and subsequent conquest of Northumbria
865		Scandinavian conquest of East Anglia
871--899		Rule of King Alfred and establishment of the Danelaw
1016--1042		Rule of King Cnut and his heirs
1042--1066		Rule of King Edward (January 1066)
1066		Death of King Edward (January 1066)
1066		King Harold's defeat at Hastings and William of Normandy takes over (December 1066)
1066		William (of Normandy) becomes king (December 1066)
1095		First Crusade
1162		Becket is murdered
1169--1172		Conquest of Ireland
1204		King John loses Normandy to the French
1282--1283		Conquest of Wales
1290		Expulsion of Jews from England
1315--1316		Great Famine
1337--1453		The 100-year War
1349--1351		The Black Death, i.e. plague, kills one-third of the population
1362		Statute of Pleadings (legal proceedings in English)
1381		The Peasants' revolt
1382		Condemnation of Wycliff
1476		Introduction of the printing press by Caxton
1492		Columbus reaches the 'New World'
1497		Cabot reaches Newfoundland, Canada
1504		St John's, Newfoundland, established as the first British colony in North America
1509--1547		Reign of Henry VIII
1534		Act of Supremacy, English monarch becomes head of the Church of England
1536		Monasteries dissembled
1539		English bible in every church
1550		Population of England reaches 3 million
1558--1603		Queen Elizabeth I
1600		The East India Company is granted a charter
1607		Settlement at Jamestown
1611		The King James Bible (KJV)
1612		English presence in Bermuda and in India
1620		Pilgrim fathers establish colony in Plymouth
1624--1630		War between England and Spain
1626--1629		War between England and France
1627--1647		Settlements on Barbados and the Bahamas
1629		Charles I dissolves parliament
1642--1648		First and Second Civil War
1649		Charles I beheaded
1649		Charles II becomes king
1649		Jews officially admitted
1649--1655		Cromwell conquers Ireland
1655		English presence in Jamaica
1653--1660		Cromwell is 'Lord Protector'
1660		Charles II 'restored''
1660		Royal Society founded, to promote science
1670		Hudson Bay Company active
1670--1679		Colonization of West Africa
1688		The Glorious Revolution
1689--1702		Rule of William and Mary
1700		Population of England is 5 million
1707		Act of Union, uniting England and Scotland as the UK
1746		Battle of Culloden; subsequent repression of Scottish Gaelic
1755		Johnson's Dictionary
1759		Wolfe takes Quebec for England
1760--1850		Highland Clearances in Scotland, with resulting emigration and loss of Celtic
1763		Trading in Basra, Iraq
1765--1947		British rule over India
1773		Boston Tea Party
1775--1783		American War of Independence
1776		American Declaration of Independence
1780--1789		Colonies (of convicts) in Australia
1789		French Revolution
1789		George Washington first American president
1791		British colonies in Upper and Lower Canada
1803		Louisiana Purchase
1806		British take over the Cape Colony in South Africa
1806		Webster's Dictionary
1819--1824		Malacca and Singapore occupied by the British
1820--1829		Railroads in the US
1821--1823		Irish famine
1830--1839		Settlement of New Zealand
1834		Slavery abolished in the British Empire
1842		China cedes Hong Kong
1844		First telegraph
1837--1901		Reign of Queen Victoria
1853		Gadsden Purchase
1853		Japan opened to Western trade
1858		Decision to start the OED
1861--1865		American Civil War
1861		British colony in Nigeria
1862		British colony in Honduras
1865		Abolition of slavery in the United States of America
1869		Suez Canal opened
1876		Telephone invented
1884		Berlin Conference determines colonial power in Africa
1886		Annexation of Burma
1890--1899		Rhodesia and Uganda colonized in an attempt to control the Cape-to-Cairo corridor
1880--1902		Boer Wars and British conquest of South Africa
1898		American control over Hawaii, Philippines, and Puerto Rico
1898		Hong Kong and Territories leased to Britain for 99 years
1901		Death of Queen Victoria
1907		Hollywood becomes a filmmaking center
1914--1918		First World War
1916		Easter Uprising, leading to Irish independence in 1921
1918		Women (over 30) get the vote in Britain
1920		Kenya as British colony
1922		BBC starts
1928		OED appears (with supplement in 1933)
1931		Statute of Westminster (former British Dominions de fact independent); British Commonwealth
1939		photocopying invented
1939--1945		Second World war
1942		First computers
1945		United Nations founded
1946		Philippines independent
1947		The independence of India and Pakistan; and New Zealand
1948		Burma and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) independent
1949		NATO founded
1950--1953		Korean War
1951		First computers
1960		Nigeria becomes independent
1960		World population reaches 3 billion
1961--1975		Vietnam War
1963		Kenya becomes independent
1973		Britain joins European Union (confirmed in a 1975 referendum)
1980		CNN starts
1984		Apple PC
1990		Native American Languages Act
1990--1991		Gulf War
1990--1999		Internet becomes major communication tool
1999		World population reaches 6 billion
2000		OED online
2003		Iraq War
2003		In Wales, 20% speak Welsh, up 2.4% in 10 years

（後記　2013/03/18(Mon)：同じ年表は Gelderen のコンパニオンサイトより，"Timeline" から閲覧できる．）

　・ Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2006.

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