語源 (etymology) について,最近の記事として「#5737. 語源,etymology, veriloquium」 ([2025-01-10-1]) と「#5739. 定期的に考え続けたい「語源とは何か?」」 ([2025-01-12-1]) で考えた.今回は etymology という用語自体について検討する.
英単語 etymology は,ギリシア語に端を発し,ラテン語,古フランス語を経由して,後期中英語に入ったが,もともとは高度に専門的な用語である.『英語語源辞典』の etymology の項目を掲げる.
OED の etymology, n. では,部分的にフランス語から,部分的にラテン語から入ったものとして,つまり "Of multiple origins" として解釈している.それぞれの経路について,次のように述べている.
< (i) Middle French ethimologie, ethymologie (French etymologie) established account of the origin of a given word, explaining its composition (2nd half of the 12th cent. in Old French; frequently from early 16th cent.), interpretation of a word, that which is revealed by such interpretation (c1337), the branch of linguistics concerned with determining of the origins of words (1622 in the passage translated in quot. 1630 at sense 5, or earlier),
and its etymon (ii) classical Latin etymologia (in post-classical Latin also aethimologia, ethimologia, ethymologia) interpretation and explanation of a word on the basis of its origin < Hellenistic Greek ἐτυμολογία, probably < Byzantine Greek ἐτυμολόγος (although this is apparently first attested later: see etymologer n.) + -ία -y suffix3; on the semantic motivation for the Greek word see etymon n. and discussion at that entry.
語源的意味こそが「真の意味」であるとする考え方については,OED の 2.a.i. にて次の注意書きがある.
The idea that a word's origin conveys its true meaning (cf. discussion at etymon n.) has become progressively discredited since the 18th cent. with the increased study of etymology as a linguistic science (see sense 5). It is now sometimes referred to as the etymological fallacy.
注意すべきは etymology の学問分野としての語義である.OED の第3語義は「語源学」ではなく「品詞論」を指し,c1475 を初出として次のようにみえる.
3. Grammar. A branch of grammar which deals with the formation and inflection of individual words and their different parts of speech. Now historical.
現代的な「語源学」の語義は OED の第5語義に相当し,初出は1630年と若干遅い.
5. The branch of linguistics which deals with determining the origin of words and the historical development of their form and meanings.
・ 寺澤 芳雄(編集主幹) 『英語語源辞典』新装版 研究社,2024年.
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