現代英語の最も普通の語順は「主語+(助)動詞」である.ただし,いくつかのケースでは,統語的,意味的,語用的な動機づけにより,この語順が倒置 (inversion) されることがあり「(助)動詞+主語」となり得る.ここでは動詞を助動詞に限定した上で,どのようなケースがあるか,Huddleston and Pullum (94--96) の分類から要約してみよう.
(1) 閉じた疑問文 (Closed interrogatives)
- Can she speak French?
- Does she speak French?
(2) 開かれた疑問文 (Open interrogatives)
- What did she tell you?
- Where did you go after that?
- What is she doing?
(3) 感嘆文 (Exclamatives) (ただし,主語+助動詞の語順も可能)
- What a fool have I been?
- How hard did she try?
(4) 否定要素が前置される場合 (Initial negative)
- Not one of them did he find useful.
- Nowhere does he mention my book.
(5) only が前置される場合 (Initial only)
- Only two of them did he find useful.
- Only once had she complained.
(6) so/such が前置される場合 (Initial so/such)
- So little time did we have that we had to cut corners.
- Such a fuss would he make that we'd all agree.
- You got it wrong and so did I.
(7) その他の要素が前置される場合 (Other fronted elements)
- Thus had they parted the previous evening.
- Many another poem could I speak of which sang itself into my heart.
- The more wives he had, the more children could he beget.
- Well did I remember the crisis of emotion into which he was plunged that night.
(8) 条件節 (Conditional inversion)
- Had he seen the incident he'd have reported it to the police.
(9) 祈願の may (Optative may)
- May you both enjoy the long and happy retirement that you so richly deserve.
- May the best man win!
- May you be forgiven!
こう見てみると,現代英語でもデフォルトの「主語+助動詞」が倒置されて「助動詞+主語」となる機会は,諸々合わせれば,種類としても頻度として必ずしも少なくないように思えてくる.だが,多いというのは言い過ぎだろう.むしろ,通常と違っているという低頻度性や異質性を利用して,語用的に有用な何かを行なっているのだと考えておきたい.
・ Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
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