one について,現代英語では失われてしまった副詞的な用法がある.「ただ1人・1つ;~だけ」を意味する only や alone に近い用法だ.古英語や中英語では普通に見られ,同格的に名詞と結びつく場合には one は統語的に一致して屈折変化を示したので,起源としては形容詞といってよい.しかし,その名詞から遊離した位置に置かれることもあり,その点で副詞的ともいえるのだ.
Mustanoja は "exclusive use" と呼びつつ,この one の用法について詳述している.以下,一部を引用しよう (293--94) .
EXCLUSIVE USE. --- The OE exclusive an, calling attention to an individual as distinct from all others, in the sense 'alone, only, unique,' occurs mostly after the governing noun or pronoun (se ana, þa anan, God ana), but anteposition is not uncommon either (an sunu, seo an sawul, to þæm anum tacne). It has been suggested by L. Bloomfield (see bibliography) that anteposition of the exclusive an is due to the influence of the conventional phraseology of religious Latin writings (unus Deus, solus Deus, etc.). After the governing word the exclusive one is used all through the ME period: --- he is one god over alle godnesse; He is one gleaw over alle glednesse; He is one blisse over alle blissen; He is one monne mildest mayster; He is one folkes fader and frover; He is one rihtwis ('he alone is good . . .' Prov. Alfred 45--55, MS J); --- ȝe . . . ne sculen habben not best bute kat one (Ancr. 190); --- let þe gome one (Gaw. & GK 2118). Reinforced by all, exclusive one develops into alone in earliest ME (cf. German allein and Swedish allena), and this combination, after losing its emphatic character, is in turn occasionally strengthened by all: --- and al alone his wey than hath he nome (Ch. LGW 1777).
引用の最後のくだりでは,現代の alone や all alone の語源に触れられている.要するにこれらは,今はなき副詞的 one の用法を引き継いで残っている表現ということになる.そして,類義の only もまた one の派生語である.
・ Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
・ Bloomfield, L. "OHG Eino, OE Ana = Solus." Curme Volume of Linguistic Studies. Language Monograph VII, Linguistic Soc. of America, Philadelphia 1930. 50--59.
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