#4236. intensifier の分類[intensifier][adverb][semantics][terminology]

　intensifier は通常「強意語」と訳されるが，専門的に広義には，意味の緩和，つまりマイナス方向の「強意」をも含む用語としてとらえておく必要がある．Quirk et al. (§§8.104--115) によると，intensifier は意味論の観点から以下のように下位区分される．

INTENSIFIERS
　・ AMPLIFIERS
　　・ Maximizers: absolutely, altogether, completely, entirely, extremely, fully, perfectly, quite, thoroughly, totally, utterly, in all respects, most
　　・ Boosters: badly, bitterly, deeply, enormously, far, greatly, heartily, highly, intensely, much, severely, so, strongly, terribly, violently, well, a great deal, a good deal, a lot, by far, very much
　・ DOWNTONERS
　　・ Approximators: almost, nearly, practically, virtually, as good as, all but
　　・ Compromisers: kind of, sort of, quite, rather, enough, sufficiently, more or less
　　・ Diminishers: mildly, partially, partly, quite, slightly, somewhat, in part, in some respects, to some extent, a bit, a little, least (of all), only, merely, simply, just, but
　　・ Minimizers: barely, hardly, little, scarcely, in the least, in the slightest, at all, a bit

　この数日間に「#4233. なぜ quite a few が「かなりの，相当数の」の意味になるのか？」 ([2020-11-28-1])，「#4235. quite a few は，下げて和らげおきながら最後に皮肉で逆転？」 ([2020-11-30-1]) の記事で副詞 quite の用法に注目してきたが，上の分類によると quite は Maximizers と Compromizers の2つのリストのなかに現われる．一般に，程度の概念を伴わない語句と共起する場合には Maximizer として機能し，程度を有する語句と共起する場合には Compromiser として機能するとされる．それぞれ例文を挙げておこう．

[ Maximizer として ]

　・ Flying is quite the best way to travel.
　・ I quite forgot about her birthday.
　・ I quite understand.
　・ The bottle is quite empty.
　・ You're quite right.

[ Compromizer として ]

　・ He plays quite well.
　・ I quite enjoyed the party, but I've been to better ones.
　・ It is quite cold, isn't it?
　・ She quite likes him, but not enough to marry him.
　・ The food in the cafeteria is usually quite good.

　頻度の高い副詞だが，案外使い方は難しい．

　・ Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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