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#5634. eager-to-please 構文の古さと準助動詞化の傾向[infinitive][syntax][adjective][complementation][construction]

2024-09-29

 昨日の記事「#5633. 形容詞補文として to 不定詞が続く7つのタイプ --- Quirk et al. より」 ([2024-09-28-1]) で「形容詞 + to 不定詞」の様々なパターンを確認しました.7タイプへの区分はかなり細かいものですが,ここでは Fischer et al. に従い,大雑把粗に2タイプに区分しましょう.標題にあるとおり,eager-to-please 構文と easy-to-please 構文の2種類です (170--71) .

In the so-called eager-to-please construction in (22a), the main clause subject functions also as agent-argument of the infinitive. In the easy-to-please construction, the main clause subject corresponds to the patient-argument of the infinitive. The easy-to-please construction is therefore somewhat reminiscent of the modal passive . . . expressing a passive-like meaning without passive marking.

(22) a [Eager-to-please construction]
    Andropulos was a bit reluctant to go (BNC)
   b [Easy-to-please construction]
    He was lying in wait in the hallway, where he was impossible to overlook (BNC)


 いずれの構文も歴史は古く,すでに古英語より文証されます (171) .

Both the eager-to-please construction and the easy-to-please construction were already available in OE, as shown in (24) and (25), respectively. . . .

(24) ic eom gearo to gecyrrenne to munuclicere drohtnunge
    I am ready to turn to monastic way-of-life (ÆCHom.I,35 484.251)
    'I am ready to turn to a monastic way of life.'
(25) ðis me is hefi to donne
    This to-me is heavy to do (Mart.5(Kotzor)Se.16,A.14)
    'This is hard for me to do.'


 おもしろいのは,前者の eager-to-please 構文は,古英語から安定的に文証されるのですが,後に法的な意味を帯びて,準助動詞へ発展したものが出てきていることです.Fischer et al. より続けて引用します (171) .

The eager-to-please construction has been essentially stable throughout the history of the language. It is interesting to note, however, that some adjectives in the construction developed into modal markers. A straightforward example is bound, originally meaning 'under a binding obligation' but now typically used to mark epistemic necessity.


 ここでは be bound to の例が示唆されていますが,ほかの箇所では be sure tobe certain to にも言及があります.昨日の記事の内容とあわせて,味わっていただければ.

 ・ Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

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