#5556. kh の綴字をもつ単語とその外来性[spelling][loan_word][digraph][h][digraph][silent_letter][orthography]

　昨日の記事「#5555. kh の綴字」 ([2024-07-12-1]) に引き続き，2重字 (digraph) の <kh> について．Upward and Davidson (257) にまとまった記述があるので引用する．

          KH

The KH spelling reflects an aspirated consonant (somewhat like [k] + [h]) or a fricative (like [x] as in Scottish loch) in the source or carrier languages, all from the Middle East or Indian subcontinent. In English, there is no difference in pronunciation between KH and K.

・ In initial position: khaki (< Hindi); khamsin 'hot wind' (< Arabic); khan (spelt caan when first borrowed in the 15th century; < a Turkic language)
　　- Khazi, a slang word for 'toilet' dating from the 19th century, is not, despite its spelling, of eastern origin, but probably derives from Italian or Spanish casa 'house'. It has various spellings in English (kazi, kharzie, karsey, etc.).
・ In medial position: astrakhan 'fabric' (< Russian place-name); bakhshish 'tip or bribe' (a spelling baksheesh --- see under 'K'); burkha (a spelling of burka/burqa --- see under 'K'); gymkhana (< Urdu gend-khana, altered by influence of gymnastics); kolkhoz 'collective farm in USSR' (< Russian).
・ In final position: ankh 'emblem of life' (< Egyptian 'nh); lakh '100,000' (also lac; < Hindi and Hindustani); rukh 'mythical bird' (another spelling of roc, which is the more common spelling in English; < Arabic rokh, rukhkh, Persian rukh); sheikh (< Arabic shaikh).

　ほぼすべての単語が中東，インドア大陸，ロシアの諸言語に由来し，その原語の風味を保持するために，本来的には英語に馴染みのない <kh> という綴字が用いられているのだろう．書き言葉の綴字には，話し言葉の発音では標示し得ない，単語の由来を示唆する機能が部分的であれ備わっているという点が重要である．

　・ Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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