要点

1. ノルマン征服と方言スペリング
2. スペリングの様々な改変
3. スペリングの再標準化の兆し

(1) ノルマン征服と方言スペリング

1. ノルマン征服によりアングロサクソン王朝が滅びる
2. 公的な書き言葉が英語からフランス語へ移行する
3. 英語は話し言葉の世界に事実上閉じ込められる
4. 英語が書かれなくなったので，後期古英語のウェストサクソン方言に基づく標準スペリングも無に
5. 再び英語を書きだすようになったとき，書き手は自らの「訛った」英語方言に基づいたスペリングを用いた
6. 無数の方言スペリングが乱立

ノルマン征服から英語の復権までの略史 (#131)

515通りの through (#53, #54), 134通りの such (#2520)

1. doruȝ-, dorw, dorwe, dorwgh, dourȝh, drowgȝ, durghe, durwe, -thogh, thorch, thorew, thorewe, thorffe, thorg, Thorgh, thorgh, -thorgh, tho^rgh, thorghe, thorght, thorghw, thorghwe, thorgth, thorh, thoro, thorogh, thoroghe, thoroght, -thoroght, thorohe, thoroo, thorou, Thorough, thorough, thorough-, thoroughe, thorought, Thorouh, thorouȝ, thorouȝh, Thorow, thorow, thorow-, Thorowe, thorowe, thorowg, thorowgh, thorowghe, thorowght, thorowh, thorowth, thorowut, thorowȝ, thorowȝt, thorrou, thorrow, thorth, thorthe, thoru, thoru-, thorue, thorugh, -thorugh, thorughe, thorught, -thorught, Thoruh, thoruh, thoruh-, thorur, thoruth, Thoruȝ, thoruȝ, thoruȝh, thorv, Thorw, thorw, -thorw, tho^rw, Thorwe, thorwe, thorwgh, thorwh, thorwȝ, -thorwȝ, tho^rwȝ, thorwȝe, Thorȝ, thorȝ, Thorȝe, thorȝe, thorȝh, thorȝoh, thorȝt, thorȝw, thorȝwe, thour, thour, thoure, thourgh, -thourgh, thourghe, thourght-, thourh, thourhe, thourow, thourr, thourth, thourw, thourw, thourwg, thourȝ, thourȝ, thourȝe, thow, thowe, thowffe, thowr, thowrgh, thowrow, thowur, thrawth, threw, thro, thro-, -thro, throch, throcht, throgh, throghe, throghet, throght, throght, throghte, throighe, throu, throuche, throue, throug, through, through-, throughe, throught, throuh, throuȝ, throuȝe, throuȝht, throve, throw, throw-, t^hrow, throwe, th^rowe, throwe, throwg, throwgh, throwght, throwh, throwr, throwth, throwȝ, throwȝe, throȝ, -throȝe, throȝe, throȝgh, throȝghe, throȝh, throȝhe, throȝt, thruch, thrue-, thrug-, Thrugh, thrugh, thrughe, thrught, thrughte, thruh, thruth, thruȝ, thruȝe, thruȝhe, thrvoo, thrw, thrwe, thrwgh, thrwght, thrygh, thuht, thur, thurch, thurew, thurg, thurge, thurge-, thurgeh, Thurgh, thurgh, thurgh-, -thurgh, thurgh, thurghe, thurght, thurghte, thurgth, thurgwe, Thurh, thurh, thurhe, thurhge, thurhgh, thuro, thurow, thurowe, thurth, thurthe, thuru, thurv, thurw, -thurw, thurwe, Thurȝ, thurȝ, thurȝe, Thurȝh, thurȝh, Thurȝhg, thurȝt, thurȝth, thwrgh, thwrw, torgh, torghe, torw, -torwe, trghug, trogh, troght, trough, trow, trowe, trowffe, trowgh, trowght, trugh, trughe, trught, twrw, yerowe, yhorh, yhoru, yhrow, yhurgh, yhurght, yora, yorch, yorgh, yorghe, yorh, yoro, yorou, yoroue, yorough, yorour, yorow, yorow-, yorowe, yorowe, yoru, yorugh, yoruh, yoruȝ, yorw, yorwe, yorȝ, your, yourch, yourgh, yourghe, yourh, yourw-, yourȝ, yowr, yowrw, yoȝou, yrogh, yrou-, yrow, yrugh, yruȝ, yurch, yurg-, yurgh, yurghe, yurght, yurh, yurhg, yurht, yurowe, yurth, yurthe, yuru, yurw, yurwh, yurȝ, yurȝe, ðoru, þarȝ, þerew, þ^erew, þerow, þerue-, þhorow, þhurȝ, þor, þorch, þore, þoreu, þorew, þorewe, þorewȝ, þoreȝ, þorg, -þorgh, þorgh, þorghe, þorght, þorghȝ, þorguh, þorgȝ, þorh, þoro, þorogh, þoroghe, þorou, þoro^u, þoroue, þorough, þorought, þorouh, þorour, -þorouȝ, þorouȝ, þorouȝe, þorouȝh, þor^ouȝt, þorow, -þorow, þ^orow, þorow, þorowe, þorowgh, þorowghe, þorowh, þorowth, þorowþ, þorouwȝ, þoroȝ, þorrow, þorrughe, þorth, þoru, -þoru, þorue, þorug, þorugh, þorught, þorugȝ, þoruh, þoruhg, þoruth, þoruþ, þoruȝ, -þoruȝ, þoruȝe, þoruȝh, þoruȝt, þorv, þorw, þorw-, -þorw, þorwe, þorwgh, þorwgȝ, þorwh, -þorwh, þorwhe, þorwth, þorwtȝ, þorwȝ, þorwȝe, þorþ, þorȝ, þorȝe, þorȝh, þorȝhȝ, þorȝt, þough, þour, þo^ur, þour, þourg, þourgh, þourght, þourgȝ, þourh, þourh, þourow, þourt, þourth, þouruȝ, þourw, þourw-, -þourw, þourwe, þourþ, þourȝ, t-þourȝ, þourȝ, þourȝe, þourȝh, þourȝt, þourȝw, þouȝ, þouȝt, þowr, þowre, þro, þrogh, þroghe, þrorow, þrorowe, þroth, þrou, þrough, þrought, þroughte-, þrouh, þrouhe, þrouht, þrouȝ, þrouȝe, þrouȝh, þrouȝt, þrouȝte, þrouȝth, þrow, þ^row, þrowe, þrowgh, þrowghe, þrowh, -þrowþ, þrowȝ, þrowȝe, þroȝ, þroȝe, þroȝgh, þroȝh, þroȝt, þroȝth, þrugh, -þruh, þruȝ, þruȝe, þur, þurch, þureh, þureȝ, þurf, þurg, þurgh, -þurgh, þurghe, þurght, þurghȝ, þurgȝh, þurh, þur^h, þurhg, þurht, þuro, þurow, þurru, þurth, þurthe, þuru, þuruch, þurugh, þurughe, þurut, þuruȝ, þurw, þurw-, þurwe, þurwȝ, þurwȝ, þurþ, þurȝ, þurȝe, þurȝg, þurȝh, þurȝhg, þurȝt, þurȝth, þwrgh, ȝorgh, ȝoru, ȝoruȝ, ȝoruȝt, ȝorw, ȝour, ȝowr, ȝurch
2. asoche, aswyche, schch, schech, scheche, schiche, schoche, scht, schuc, schuch, schuche, schut, schute, sclik, sclike, sclyk, sclyke, scoche, scwche, sech, seche, sewyche, shich, shiche, shoch, shoche, shuch, shuche, shych, sic, sic-, sich, siche, sick, sɩͨh, sik, sik-, sike, silk, sli, slieke, slik, slike, slilk, slkyke, slyk, slyke, soch, soche, souche, sowche, soyche, squike, squilk, squylk, sqwych, sqwyche, sswiche, suc, succh, sucche, such, suche, suchee, sucheȝ, suchet, sucht, suchte, suech, sueche, suhc, suhe, suich, suiche, suilk, suilk-, suilke, suilkin, sulc, sulk, sulke, sutche, suth, suuch, suuche, suuech, suueche, suych, suyche, suylk, suylke, svche, sviche, swc, swch, swche, swech, sweche, swelk, swhiche, swhilke, swhych, swhyche, swic, swich, swiche, swichee, swilc, swilk, swilke, swilkes, swisɩͨhe, swlk, swlke, swuch, swuche, swych, swyche, swyeche, swyk, swyke, swyl, swylk, swylke, swylle, syc-, sych, syche, syge, syk, syk-, syke, sylk, sylke

6単語でみる中英語の方言スペリング (#1812)

busy, bury, merry (#562)

Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales の冒頭より (#534)

第7行目の写本間比較 (#2788)

(2) スペリングの様々な改変

1. フランス語のスペリング習慣より (#3108)
1. ones, tweies, is → once, twice, ice (#81)
2. cwen, cwic → queen, qui(c)k
3. cirice, ciese → chirche, chese
2. 縦棒回避の傾向 (#3069)
1. 堀田による連載「現代英語を英語史の視点から考える」の第9回「なぜ try が tried となり，die が dying となるのか？（2017/09/20）」も参照)
2. <i, m, n, u, v, w> の縦棒 (minim) 問題
3. "minster" は <ııııııster> か <ıııyııster> か？
4. "him" は <hıııı> か <hyııı> か？
5. 1人称代名詞 <I> のスペリングについて (#91)
6. luue, sume, wunder → loue, some, wonder (#2450)
7. <u> → <o> のその他の例：won, wonder, worry, woman, monk, monkey, sponge, ton, tongue, Somerset, honey, cover, above
3. 2重字 <sh> の歴史 (#2049)

4. hwæt, hwa, hwenne, hwære, hwy → what, who, when, where, why (#51)
5. <þ, ð, th> の盛衰 (#1329)
6. ye = the (#13)

(3) スペリングの再標準化の兆し

1. 14世紀中に英語の地位が向上し，公的な様々な状況で英語が再び用いられるようになる
2. 共通方言としてロンドン英語の重要性が増してくる (#929)
3. 書き言葉も緩やかに標準化の兆しを示す
4. 15世紀前半に "Chancery Standard" が出現し，公文書に採用されるようになる (#193)
5. しかし，それとていまだ14種類の "through" が (through, thurgh, tþurgh, thorugh, thourgh, throu, thorogh, throgh, thorwe, thorwgh, thorw, thorow, þorow, þorowe)
6. あくまで再標準化の「兆し」にすぎない（その完成は早くとも17世紀半ば以降）
7. 現代的な「正しいスペリング」という正書法の発想は，いまだ稀薄

まとめ

1. ノルマン征服による標準綴字の崩壊　→　方言スペリングの繁栄
2. 主として実用性に基づくスペリングの様々な改変
3. 中英語後期，スペリング再標準化の兆しが

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