言語における時制・相を理論化する有名な試みに,Reichenbach のものがある.3つの参照時点を用いることで,主たる時制・相を統一的に説明しようとするものだ.その3つの参照時点とは,以下の通り(Saeed (128) より引用).
S = the speech point, the time of utterance;
R = the reference point, the viewpoint or psychological vantage point adopted by the speaker;
E = event point, the described action's location in time.
この S, R, E の時間軸上の相対的な位置関係を,先行する場合には "<",同時の場合には "=",後続する場合には ">" の記号で表現することにする.例えば,過去の文 "I saw Helen", 過去完了の文 "I had seen Helen",未来の文 "I will see Helen" のそれぞれの時制は,以下のように表わすことができるだろう.
"I saw Helen" ───┴───────┴───> (R = E < S) R, E S "I had seen Helen" ───┴───┴───┴───> (E < R < S) E R S "I will see Helen" ───┴───────┴───> (S < R = E) S R, E
Simple past | (R = E < S) | "I saw Helen" |
Present perfect | (E < S = R) | "I have seen Helen" |
Past perfect | (E < R < S) | "I had seen Helen" |
Simple present | (S = R = E) | "I see Helen" |
Simple future | (S < R = E) | "I will see Helen" |
Proximate future | (S = R < E) | "I'm going to see Helen" |
Future perfect | (S < E < R) | "I will have seen Helen" |
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