abduction ablaut accent accommodation acrolect acronym adjective adstrate adverb affricate Afrikaans agreement Aitken's Law allophone alphabet American Indian English (AIE) American Indian Pidgin English American language, the American Vernacular American Vulgate Antilles, Greater Appalachians ''a''-prefixing articles aspect aspiration assimilation attrition autochthonous language auxiliary ''do'' auxiliary verbs baby-talk back-formation backing basilect bidialectalism bilingualism binomials bioprogram bleaching out bleeding blend blending borrowing calque Cameroon Pidgin English (CPE) Canadian raising case case leveling chain shifts Chancery English Chicano English (CE) child-directed language class clipping CLOTH-NORTH split code-mixing code-switching codification Colonial English communication accommodation theory comparative method, the comparing pronunciation complementizers compounding concord consonant clusters contact language continuum conversion copula deletion copular verb core vocabulary correctness, attitudes toward count vs. mass covert norm creolization cultural-institutional vocabulary declension deictic system deixis demonstrative derivation determiners dialect dictionaries diglossia diphthong diphthongization discourse structure discourse particles divergence domain ''do''-periphrasis double modals double negation doublets dual Dutch East Africa education emblematic markers English as a Foreign Language (EFL) English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) English as a Native Language (ENL) English as a Second Language (ESL) English creole languages English pidgins Estuary English ethnic varieties ethnicity exclusive pronouns eye dialect face false friends family model feeding field First Germanic Sound Shift, the folk etymology FOOT-STRUT Split foreigner-talk French fricative fronting futhorc, the gender General American (GenAm) General English (GenE) generation model Germanic languages Germanic Sound Shifts grammars grammatical categories grammaticalization Great Vowel Shift (GVS) Grimm's Law Gullah H-dropping habitual (aspect) hard words Hiri Motu historical reconstruction hot-news perfect (aspect) hybrid language hypercorrection idiom implication relationship inclusive pronouns indefinite determiners indefinite pronouns indicator indirect (imperative) speech acts Indo-European language family inflection in English [sic]Ingvæonish[/sic] inkhorn terms interference interlanguage interrogative determiners interrogative pronouns intersectionality intrusive-r invariant ''be'' IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) irrealis isogloss iterative jargon kinship terms [sic]koiné[/sic] [sic]koinéization[/sic] L-vocalization L1 language and nation language attitudes language community language contact language death language imposition language loss language planning and policy language retention language shift lax learner's language lexeme lexical gaps lexical sets lexicalization lexifier life-cycle theory lingua franca linguicism linguistic drift linguistic imperialism linking-r loan translation loan word London Jamaican loss of /h/ Low Back Merger Low Dutch mandative subjunctive manuals of usage marginal language Maritimes marker mass nouns mergers meronymy mesolects metathesis middle passage Midlands minimal pair modal auxiliary modality modes of address monogenesis monophthongization monophthong mood morpheme morphology motherese multidimensionality multiple negation nasal national variety native language Native Speaker Englishes nautical jargons negative face New England Newfoundland NICE nominative ''you'' non-rhotic non-rhoticity non-standard GenE Norman French North Sea Germanic Northern Northern Cities Shift Northern Subject Rule number number of speakers NURSE Merger obstruent OED (''Oxford English Dictionary'') Old Southwest Open-Syllable Lengthening origins of language orthography overt norm palatalization parts of speech past perfect(ive) aspect periphrastic ''be going to'' periphrastic ''do'' personal pronouns (, systems of) phonemicization phonetic symbols phonotactics phrasal verb pidginization pied piping place-names Plantation Creole pleonastic subject plosive plural plural {-s} and {-th} politeness political-social change polygenesis polyglossia portmanteau word positive face possessive adjectives possessive pronouns post-nasal T-Loss pragmatic idiom pragmatics pre-verbal markers prepositions prescriptivism present tense {-s} pretentious language preterite-present verbs primary language principal parts principles of vowel change progressive (aspect) pronoun pronoun exchange pronunciation change Proto-Germanic proto-language punctual (aspect) reanalysis reduced language reduction of strong verb forms reduplication reference accents reflexive pronouns regionalization register relative pronouns relexification rhoticity Romance languages RP (Received Pronunciation) runes runic alphabet schwa Scots second person pronoun usage semantic shift semantic change semi-modals semi-rhoticity Sheng shibboleth shift shortening Singlish singular solidarity and power sound shift South Asia Southeast Asia Southern Africa Southern English Southern shift Southwest (England) Spanish specifier speech community spelling spelling reform splits Sranan stable, extended pidgin Standard English (StE) standardization stative (aspect) stereotype stop stranding strong verbs style subjunctive substrate languages superstrate syntax T-flapping tag questions tense tertiary hybridization thematic roles thematic structure THOUGHT-NORTH-FORCE Merger TMA Tok Pisin topic topicalization toponyms trade language traditional dialects TRAP-BATH Split trial triglossia typology of language] unidimensionality universal grammatical categories verb classes of OE vernacular vernacular universals Verner's Law vocabulary voicing vowel gradation vowel systems wave theory weak adjective endings weak nouns weak verbs West Africa word class word form word formation (processes) word order word stress World Englishes yod-dropping zero copula zero derivation